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Roman Numerals: Large to Small
Add numbers together
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Denominate Numbers
Designate units of measures and total qty of whatever has to been measured (ex grams)
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Ratios 1:2 (1 to 2)
Can be expressed as fraction 1/2, percentage 50%, and decimal 0.5
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Proportions (a is to b as c is to d)
- a:b=c:d
- a:b::c:d
- a/b=c/d is most commonly used
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1 gallon = __fl.oz = __mL
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Sensitivity Requirement (SR)
Minimum weight required to move pointer 1 division on scale. Class A balances SR: 6 mg. Min. weighed w/ error of 5% is 120 mg. (Formula: 6mg=0.05X)
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Percentage of Error (% Error)
Maximum potential for error = 5 %
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% Error equation: SR
(SR x 100)/Quantity to be weighed
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% Error: Actual and Intended Weight
((Actual - Intended)/Intended) x 100
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Aliquot
Used to measure drug too small to be measured with prescision. Whole # part of whole: 2 is aliquot of 10
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Trituration
grinding a drug in mortar to reduce particle size
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Levigation
Reduce particle size of powders in ointments
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Spatulation
Blending small amount of powders/solids/ointments
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Sifting
Powders passed through sifter
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Tumbling
Powder in rotating container
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Medicated Powders
Internal, External, Inhalation
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Granules
Flow well compared to powder. Prepared by wet methods. More stable to humidity
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Compounding
Making and dispensing of drug from practitioner's drug order
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Manufacturing
Drugs made from chemical/synthetic synthesis. Marketed, Resale
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Dosage forms
Mechanism for safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage
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USP
Ingredients certified by USP
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NF
Ingredients certified by NF
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FCC
Ingredients certified by Food Chemical Codex
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ACS
Ingredients certified by Reagent Chemicals
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AR
Analytical Reagent Grade. Assigned for high purity for analytic lab work
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Technical
Commercial grade
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Food Grade
Cleared for use for food
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Cosmetic Grade
Approved for use in cosmetics
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Hermetic Container
Most secure container, impervious to air or other gas under normal conditions
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OSHA
Occupational Saftey and Health Administration, responsible for enforcing Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
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MSDS
Material Saftey Data Sheets
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Compounding Process
- Preparatory
- Compounding
- Final Check
- Sign Off
- Clean up
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Topical
Delivers medication INTO skin
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Transdermal
Delivers medication THROUGH skin (percutaneously)
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Ointment: Hydrocarbon Base/Oleaginous
Difficult to wash off, prevent drying out. EX: Petrolatum, white/yellow ointment
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Ointment: Absorption Base
Difficult to wash off, Can form emulsion base, EX: Hydrophilic petrolatum, lanolin
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Ointment: Water Removable Bases
Resemble creams, May be diluted with water, EX: Methylparaben, white petrolatum
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Ointment: Water Soluble Base/No oleaginous
Completely washable, Greaseless, EX: PEG
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Selection of Base based on:
Release rate from ointment, drug absorption, "drying out", stability of drug, washability
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Compounding ReQ for Ointments
Meet USP: Microbial content(preservatives); Minimum fill; Packaging, labeling, storage
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Single-Phase Gel
No apparent dispersed macromolecules
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Two-Phase Gel
Small distinct particles dispersed. Ex: Milk of Mag
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PLO: Pluronic Lecithin Organgel
Used for transdermal drug administration. Two phases: 1 part Oil and 4 parts Water. Phospholipid liposomal microemulsion
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Solutions
Liq preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a solvent or mixture of solvents
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Uses of solutions
Oral, Otic, Opthalmic, Topical
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Composition of Solutions
Syrups, Elixirs, Spirits, Aromatic waters
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Tinctures
Chemical substances dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcoholic solvent
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USP-NF Pharmacopia
Set compounding standards
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