ANT 325M

Semiotics

Semantics

Manifestation of language

Sign systems and the meanings that are associated with them are...

"Jargon" refers to

While there are many definitions and descriptions of culture, the lecturer contrast two general types, those dealing with...

Meme

Characteristics of culture (8-ELASTICC)

Meaning of communication

Language (according to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

Linguistic competence is to performance as...

A language is...

Words do not really possess meaning, it is more accurate to say

Linguistic competence is.... and must...

There are three major sign types according to the lecturer...

How many components and functions does the speech act have according to Hymes' scheme?

7 Components of the speech act in Hymes' scheme

9 Functions of the speech act in Hymes' scheme

(Components: sender, receiver, message form, message channel, topic, code, setting/context)

Icon expresses relation of...

Index expresses relation of...

Metonym

Symbol expressed relation based on...

Ethnography of communication includes analysis of

Discourse

The speech act

Speech event

Speech situation

Speech community shares these three things

Speech network

Ethnolinguistic approach

Sociolinguistic approach

Another expression referencing "phatic communion" is

We learn about other people through what they...

We learn about ourselves through the ways that other people...

We learn about our relationship with others through...

Interrelationships between societal factors and language are extremely complex because (4 reasons)

Relevant features of the speech act component referred to as setting most often involve...

Another model based in part on a mnemonic to amke the components easier to remember

Speaking model

Robbins Burling: Turkish beckoning gesture referred to as

Burling: Human language could not have evolved from any animal-like form of communication because

Burling: For humans, in speaking and hearing a language, sounds are...

Blum: For expressing our emotions and intentions...

Burling: Chomsky shifted the focus of much of linguistics away from differences among languages and towards...

Blum: Our digital and propositional language requires

Burling: Our massive word repertoire is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human language and humanity and this in turn depends on...

Burling: Language is

Burling: Syntax, with its subordination, embedding, relativization and other processes is responsible for...

Burling: Humans have more control over our language than over..

Burling: Language allows for

Burling: Spoken language is superior for every hearing person in that

Burling: "Quotable gestures" are gestures that can be

Burling: "Quotable vocalizations" are

Burling: Gesticulation accompanies speech and differs from gesture-calls, quotable gestures, and from manual sign language. Gesticulation's apparent oral counterpart is used simultaneously with the words and sentences of language, and is intimately related to them. It conveys less propositional information than words and sentences, but reveals more about the attitudes and emotions of the speaker. It is

Hockett: "Design features of language"

Hockett: "Interchangeability" means

Hockett: Arbitrariness with respect to language structure generally means that

Hockett: If a proto-homind's limited signal system includes AB=food, and CD=danger, then if one by accident says AC, this could come to mean

De Saussure: The linguistic sign unites a concept and a

Pinker: In comparing the genetic code in DNA, where four kinds of nucleotides are combined into 64 kinds of codons which can be strung into an unlimited number of genes, this refers to the fact that language makes

Pinker: In place of Robbins' use of "digital" and "analog" are

Pinker: Because grammar is a "discrete combinatorial system"

Pinker: Markov chain models indicate that a human grammar is not and cannot be a

Chomsky: "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" shows that

Pinker: A sentence is a tree, not a

Pinker: Words can be grouped together into phrases like

Pinker: A tree is modular, like

Embedding of one sentence within another (or repeated application of the same rule) is called

Pinker: Grammar shows us that there is nothing we can sense that is not first...

Pinker: Grammar is a protocol that has to interconnect the ear, mouth, and mind, three very different kinds of machine; it cannot be tailored to any of them, but must have an

Pinker: Syntax details have figured prominently in the history of psychology because they are a case where

Stokoe: Neanderthals, because they buried the dead and put artifacts into their graves while having a one tub supralaryngeal vocal tract, probably had a

Australian aborigines used signing as an alternative speech in normal conversations rather than only in

Stokoe: Signing is more likely than speaking to have been the means by which language was first

Robin Dunbar provides evidence that gossip played a significant part in

Dunbar: A correlation between group size (hence complexity of the social world) and relative size of neo-cortex suggests that in evolutionary terms, it was the need to live in larger groups that has driven the evolution of

Dunbar: Neocortex and group size predicts a human group size of about

Dunbar: Social grooming in non-human primate societies takes up

Dunbar: With humans an increase in group size came with a shift in the

Dunbar: Without language, one can only

Dunbar: With language, one can socially

Dunbar: Language allows for social grooming while

Dunbar: Gossip allows for the coordination of

Dunbar: Language may have evolved in the context of social bonding between

Dunbar: Language lets us categorize people into types, so we can relate them without having to take days to work out the basis of a

Who wrote the article in our reader called "The Orality of Language"?

The communication system known as language includes (3)

Voice set, voice qualities, and vocal segregates are part of the communicative system known as

Vocal segregates include

Kinesics in communication includes

Gestures inlcude

The study of proxemics includes

The study of haptics in communication includes

Olfofactics include

Chronemics includes

Savoristics includes

Artifacts in communicative systems includes

The phonemes of a language are

To say that the allophones of a phoneme are in complementary distribution is to say that the contexts of occurrence of the allophones are

Allophone sets (alternative variants) and distinctive feature bundles (additive or compositional features) are both ways of defining

Prosidic features of language, aslo called suprasegmentals, operate primarily on the vowel nucleus, often affect or differentiate meanings, and include

Morphology is the study of

Morphemes are generally composed of roots and

Morphemes can be

A morphological typology classifies languages as

Syntax is the study of

Sentences usually have

What articulatory parameters does American sign language employ in producing referential signs?

If all human behavior is culturally constructed and all meaning culturally assigned, then a few, if any, gestures, body postures, or facial movements are likely to have

Kendon & Frieson: Affect displays are simply facial configurations which display

Synchrony between the verbal and nonverbal streams of a speaker's language behavior is called

Close matching between movements of a speaker and movements of a listener is called

While an unfamiliar gesture will cause discommunication, the false decoding of familiar gestures will produce

Generally cross culturally, people of lower status in unequal encounters tend to be more

Silence is an act of nonverbal communication that

Among Wester Apache, silence as an act of nonverbal communication is the norm in situations of

When a Navajo speaker renders "It is only good that I go there" as the Navajo equivalent of English "I must go there," it illustrates (3)

English has many terms expression coercion: cause, force, oblige, make, compel, order, command, constrain, must, have to, ought to, etc. By contrast, Navajo

A speaker's thoughts, beliefs, and action regarding the world are encoded in their (5)

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: "The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different...

Before he was a linguist, Benjamin Whorf was an

The Hope language distinguishes direct sensory experience from inferred conclusions based on direct sensory experience and from reports provided by hearsay. We could call the forms involved

Whorf contrasted Hopi with English and concluded that Hopi and English have different ways of conceptualizing

A colt is

Cultural interest is reflected strongly in our

Among other things the change in meaning of Tzeltal chih from "dear" to "sheep" illustrates that sheep became more important than deer over time, cultural interest can change through time, and

Categories are

The fact that one person's "terrorist" is another's "freedom fighter" shows that naming can express cultural values and shared assumptions, reveal attitudes of speakers, and

Degrees of specialization and principles of classification within semantic domains indicate

Focal meanings of words and prototypes of categories demonstrate ways that people make sense of

The symbolic content of language, expressed in words and in metaphoric extensions, transmits and reinforces

Ethnoscience refers to culturally constructed classification systems that organize knowledge of a society's world/universe (or the study of such a system), it includes Ethno-...

If a given language has a basic color for red, it implies that the language also has a basic term for

The "best example" or "most typical" example, referring to the central sense of a word within a whole range of meaning that it has, is called the

An idealized internalized conceptualization of an object, quality, or activity would be the

People bring their social encounters a repertory of knowledge and understandings of their culture as expressed through their language. Some, but never all, of this will also be in the repertories of their interlocutors. This repertory has been called

The word "man" as in the English sentence "Man is only creature having language" is

If a language has a special suffix on all verbs in the present tense and no affix when those verbs are in past tense, then we could say about that language that past tense is likely to be earlier in

The power of language is not only that values attached to words reveal attitudes of speakers, but also that words are used to create

It has been said with some validity that all language use has a manipulative aspect to it in the sense that speakers employ words in order to have an effect on hearers, such as to convey information, ask questions, or issue commands, but the effect may be amplified because the words chosen are often not

The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. It is one thing standing for another on the basis of

A metonym involves one thing standing for another on the basis of

Personification is a common type of

When one says "This business needs some new blood" (and it isn't someone in a blood bank speaking), then they are using a figure of speech known as

Body part terms are in many societies extended to inanimate objects and to descriptions of activities. This is usually referred to as

Literacy is a system of

Street and Besnier claim that pictographic representation is

Of three presumed basic types of writing systems, it is generally thought that they evolved in the order of

Chinese writing is not devoid of sound system references nor is it

Viewing literacy as a sociological construct, Street and Besnier identify two models:

Which sociologically constructed model has literacy distinguishing between "primitive" and "civilized"?

What do Street and Besnier suggest should be viewed not as a monolithic phenomenon, but as a multi-faceted one, whose meaning and consequences depend crucially on the social practices surrounding it?

The two statements "Speech is transient, writing is permanent" and "Speech, once uttered, can rarely be revised, or unuttered, but writing can be reflected upon, and even erased at will" suggest that they are

Based on the studies of Liberian Vai people and rural Appalachian people, literacy is deeply embedded in, and derives its meaning from the social practices which are most clearly articulated in

Sequoya's syllabary is

Heath demonstrated, according to Street and Besnier, that in the three Appalachian communities, tensions between the literacy practices of middle-class, white working class, and black working class groups reflect and reinforce

BL Whorf began his essay on the relationship of language to habitual behavior by explaining how some fires have been caused because

Whorf claims that "ten days" cannot be

In SAE there are count nouns and mass nouns. According to Whorf, in Hopi all nouns have an individual sense and both singular and plural forms, and there are no

According to Whorf, in Hopi terms like "summer", "winter", "morning", and "sunset" are not nouns as in English, but rather

While Hopi verbs have no tenses, Whorf insists that the three tense system of English

English and other SAE languages, according to Whorf tend to

According to Whorf, the Hopi microcosm seems to have analyzed reality largely in terms of events (or "eventing") referred to in two ways:

Whorf: the "quality of reality" that "matter" or "stuff" has for us may correspond to the Hope emphasis on

Whorf: our objectified view of time is favorable to

Whorf avers that Hopi rarely

Whorf concludes that concepts of "time" and "matter" depend on the nature of one's language, there is no such striking difference between Hopi and SAE about space as about time, and "space" is probably apprehended in substantially the same

Dorothy Lee: People of the Trobriand Islands appear to favor

Trobriand describe their village as "aggregate of bumps" and their language has no

Lakoff and Johnson view "Argument is war", "Time is wasted", and "Speed is deadly" as conceptual metaphors based on

Levinson calls the widespread presumption in cognitive sciences that language is essentially innate

Hotchkiss notes that in Teopisca people take measures to ensure some degree of secrecy, houses are oriented inward, children are u

Hotchkiss believes privacy and secrecy are strategies for protecting one's reputation in a small community. He further suggests that this is the basis for

Hotchkiss sees children as

Hotchkiss: a child go-between may indeed be aware of the truth, and the adult may know that the child knows, but the adult doesn't

When a child in Teopisca returns from an errand:

Hotchkiss considers some acts of children as