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Angiosperm
a flowering plant. Has its seeds enclosed in an ovary.
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sporophyte
multicellular body produced by mitotic division of the diploid zygote.
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spores
reproductive cells produced by meiosis in a mature sporophyte
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gametophyte
multicellular body that has haploid cells and produces gamets, egg, and sperm
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fibrous root system
mat of thin roots that spread out below the soil surface
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what is the advantage of a fibrous root system?
It extends the plant's exposure to soil water and minerals and anchors it to the ground.
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taproot system
one large vertical root that produces many small lateral, or branch roots.
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What is the advantage of a taproot system?
Taproots anchor the plant to the ground, store food hat supports flowering and fruit production.
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Monocots have a (taproot, fibrous) system.
Fibrous
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Dicots have a (Taproot, fibrous) system.
Taproot
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Root hairs
extentions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface.
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what is the function of root hairs?
increase surface area to maximize water and mineral absorption.
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The presence of a terminal bud is partly responsible for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds in a phenomenon called
apical dominance
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What is the advantage to apical dominance?
Allows the plant to grow tall fast.
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Pruning
removal of terminal buds
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What is the main photosynthetic organ of most plants?
the leaves
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What is the difference between monocot and dicot leaves?
Most monocots have parallel major veins that run the length of the blade (grass), while dicot leaves have a multibranched network of major veins (maple leaves.)
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Dermal tissue
a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant.
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cuticle
waxy coating of leaves that helps the arial parts of the plant retain water.
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Vascular tissue
continuous throughout the plant and is invlolved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots.
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Xylem
vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots
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Phloem
transports food mafe in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system.
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Tracheids
tapered elongated, dead cells within the xylem that moves water from cell to cell and has secondary walls with lignin.
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sieve-tube members
structures within the phloem tha tform chains of cells to move sucrose, organic compounds, and some mineral ions. They are alive at functional maturity, although they lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and a vacuole.
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Ground tissue
tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor vascular tissue.
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pith
ground tissue internal to vascular tissue in dicots
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cortex
ground tissue external to vascular tissue in dicots
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What are the funtions of ground tissue?
photosynthesis, storage, and support.
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meristems
perpetually embryonic tissues (stem cells of plants)
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Apical meristems represent (primary, secondary) growth.
primary
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Lateral meristems represent (primary, secondary) growth.
secondary
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Growth in length is concentrated near the root's tip where three zones of cells are located:
- -Zone of elongation
- -Zone of cell division
- -Zone of maturation
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Vascuar cambium
acts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem
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Wood is the accumulation of:
layer upon layer of secondary xylem
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wood consists mainly of
tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers
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Cork cambium
acts as a meristem for a tough thick covering for stems and roots that replaces the epidermis
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periderm
a protective layer that replaces the epidermis
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Bark
all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
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The most important active transporter in the plasma membrane of plant cells is
proton pump
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Transport in plants occurs on tree levels:
- 1. the uptake and loss of water and solutes by individual cells
- 2. short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell
- 3. long-distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant.
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symplast
cytosolic compartments of neighboring cells connected by plasmodesmata.
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apoplast
connected adjacent plant cell walls
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transmembrane route
route of transportation that requires repeated crossings of plasma membranes
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symplast route
route of transportation that requires only one crossing of a plasma membrane
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apoplast route
route of transportation that follows the extracellular pathway consisting of cell wall and extracellular spaces.
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Bulk flow
the movement of fluid driven by pressure
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Casparian strip
a water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls.
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stele
the vascular tissue of a stem or root
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How does water move?
from high to low water potential
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What creates the water potential?
transpiration, root pressure
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Transpiration
the evaporative loss of water from a plant.
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root pressure
The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.
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What helps a plant control loss of water?
Guard cells
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How do guard cells help balance a plant's need to conserve water?
By controlling the size of stomata.
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When gaurd cells take in water, they become more turgid which meas that the stoma is
open
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When the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, this means the stoma is
closed
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Stomatal closing results when an exodus of ( ) from guard cells
potassium ions
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membrane potential
The difference in electrical charge across a cell's plasma membrane, due the differential distribution of ions.
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What causes the potassium ion flux in guard cells?
active photosyntesis: proton pumps, membrane potential
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In general, sieve tubes carry food from a ( ) to a ( ).
sugar source to a sugar sink
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sugar source
a plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch
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sugar sink
an organ (such as growing roots, shoots or fruit) that is a net consumer or storer of sugar.
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list the three levels of sucrose transport
- 1. at the cellular level across membranes, sucrose accumulates in the phloem by active transport
- 2. at the short-distance level within organs, sucrose migrates to phloem via the symplast and apoplast
- 3. at the long-distance level between organs, bulk flow within sieve tubes transports phloem sap from sugar sources to sugar sinks
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