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Type of microscope most commonly used in the lab.
hint: we'll use it
Compound light microscope: a series of lenses and a light source
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context: 2 types of microscopes
Stereoscopes or dissecting microscope
view specimens in 3 dimensions, but at a LOWER magnification.
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Context: Compound microscopes
thick or thin section of specimens?
- thin specimen sections.
- (THIN)... THINNNNNN! there's like no other way I can remember this other than yelling it out loud.
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context: Compound light microscope
Why would I want to bother using a Compound microscope?
- because the lab told me to. and i want an A. and I know you want it too.
- Real answer: ideal for observing cells and cell structure.
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context: Compound light microscope
What is the simplest way to get decent Thai food.
i mean, What is the simplest OPTICAL microscope?
- magnifying glass that is about 10times (10X) magnification.
- (For some reason, this didn't make sense to me, is it because they want me to know how to get the cheapest microscope?)
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context: Compound light microscope
name the 2 systems of lenses for Greater magnification
- 1) ocular/eyepiece lens (one would look into this lens)
- 2) objective lens - lens CLOSEST to the OBJECT
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context: Compound light microscope
eyepiece
acts as a magnifier and produces an enlarged image of the image produced by the objective lens.
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context: Compound light microscope
MAGNIFICATION (capitalized for emphasis)
- SIMPLY multiply the eyepiece magnification, usually 10X, by the magnification of the objective lens, usually 4X,10X,40X,100X
- (10X times 4X = 40X, 10X times 10X = 100X, 10X times 40X = 400X, 10X times 100X = 1000X)
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context: Compound light microscope
Objective lens 100X
- Oil immersion lenses.
- (labeled "oil" or "ol")
- USE: drop of oil is applied to slide before putting objective into place! don't forget or she'll charge you for damaging the microscope.
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context: Compound light microscope
Why do I need to apply oil to the 100X objective lens?
2 critical purposes
- oil does not mean petroleum oil for my car that I am currently needing of. but glad gas prices are cheap here. for now.
- 1) Lubrication - for protection
- 2) improves the resolution at high magnification
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context: Compound light microscope
LIMITS
- we will use the lesser version of microscopes = 1000X max magnification.
- With a limit of 2000X magnification you can view bacteria, algae, protozoa, and a variety of human/animal cells
- (soo that's ok though, cause I would freak out a bit if I have the power to look at the bacteria on my lab benchtop).
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context: parts of the microscope
oculars
eyepiece
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context: parts of the microscope
pointer
seen through the the ocular lens; allows viewer to point to specific structures on microscope slide (not on all models of our scopes ....OMG I call the scope that has it cause I'm cooler ... jk :D ... we're all cool people).
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context: parts of the microscope
arm
supports lenses and provides carrying handle
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context: parts of the microscope
revolving nosepiece
holds and moves (resolves) the objective lenses
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context: parts of the microscope
multiple objective lenses
series of 3 or 4 lenses (4X,10X,40X,100X), ALWAYS start on the lowest power objective
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context: parts of the microscope
stage
flat surface that supports the slide
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context: parts of the microscope
stage clip
secures the slide on the stage
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context: parts of the microscope
stage manipulator knobs
two black knobs under the stage used to move slide on the stage
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context: parts of the microscope
iris diaphragm lever
lever or dial under the stage that regulates the amount of light going through the specimen
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context: parts of the microscope
condensor
a series of lenses that you move up or down to clarify and condense the light shining through the specimen, found under the stage
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context: parts of the microscope
light source
lamp that shines a beam of light up through object
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context: parts of the microscope
base
supports microscope
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context: parts of the microscope
coarse adjustment knob
large knob found on BOTH sides of scope that moves the stage, first initial focusing knob ( you use this first not the fine adjustment knob)
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context: parts of the microscope
fine adjustment knob
small knob found within coarse adjustment knob used to bring specimen into FINAL focus
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
monocular
one ocular lens
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
binocular
two ocular lenses
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
field of view
the circle that you see when you look through the ocular lens
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
working distance
the space between the slide and the objective
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
resolving power
the ability to distinguish between 2 adjacent points
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
X
- the 3rd to the last alphabet letter.
- real answer: the times or power of lens.
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context: terms with viewing images through a microscope
What happens when magnification INCREASES?
- 1. working distance = decrease
- 2. diameter of field = decrease
- 3. light intensity = decrease
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context: ABBREVIATIONS found on some microscope slides
c.s./x.s
cross section
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context: ABBREVIATIONS found on some microscope slides
l.s.
longitudinal section
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context: ABBREVIATIONS found on some microscope slides
w.m.
whole mount
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context: ABBREVIATIONS found on some microscope slides
sec.
section
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context: steps to use compound light microscope
lens tissue paper vs Kimwipes
- Lens tissue paper: not scratch but not very absorbent
- Kimwipes: relatively absorbent but can scratch
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Histology
the microscopic study of tissues and cells.
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histological slides
made in either cross (sometimes called transverse) sections, or in longitudinal sections.
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context: histology
List the 3 ways of processing tissue of histology
- 1. fixation
- 2. sectioning
- 3. visualization or staining
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context: 3 ways of processing tissue of histology
fixation
- processing the tissue to stop cell metabolism, thereby preventing its decomposition.
- use: FORMALIN, 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde
- FORMALDEHYDE: reacts with the amino groups of proteins, and thus preserves the general structure of the cell and extracellular components
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context: 3 ways of processing tissue of histology
sectioning
- refers to slicing (Sectioning Slicing ... SS) the tissue in very thin layers, on the level of micrometers (1/1000th of a millimeter).
- thinness varies with the tissue type.
- Very LITTLE contrast is observed between adjacent regions of tissue
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context: 3 ways of processing tissue of histology
staining and imaging
- solution to bad contrasting.
- Preferential visualization.
- 2 of the most common stains:
- Hematoxylin and Eosin
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context: staining and imaging
Hematoxylin
stains nuclear substances, chromosomes, mitochondria and muscle striations blue and to black
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context: staining and imaging
Eosin
stains the cytoplasm and other structures various shades of red
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Tissue
a combination of an array of cell types that are especially suited to perform certain limited functions.
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context: tissues
List the 4 main types of tissues
- 1) epithelial (covered into this lab): cover "exposed (either internally or externally) areas, as well as form glands.
- 2) connective
- 3) muscle
- 4) neural
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