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bones
- 206 bones in the body
- functions:
- --support
- --protect
- --movement
- --vitamin and mineral storage
- --blood cell formation
- --energy storage (fat)
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axial skeleton
- skull - 29 bones
- vertebrae - 26 bones
- thorax (sternum & ribs) - 25 bones
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appendicular skeleton
- pectoral girdle - 4 bones
- pelvic girdle - 2 bones
- upper appendage - 60 bones
- lower appendage - 60 bones
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types of bones
- long bone
- short bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
- wormian bone
- sesamoid bone
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wormian bone
tiny bones found between the major skull bones
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sesamoid bone
- large rounded bone
- ex: patella
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parietal bone
superior lateral skull bones (2)
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temporal bone
inferior and anterior to ear (2)
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frontal bone
forehead (1)
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occipital bone
posterior skull (1)
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ethmoid bone
front floor of skull / superior eye socket (1)
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sphenoid bone
- middle floor of skull (1)
- keystone bone: articulates with all other cranial bones
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zygomatic bone
cheekbone (2)
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nasal bone
bridge of nose (2)
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palatine bone
roof of mouth (2)
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inferior nasal concha
bulges on lateral nasal cavity (2)
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lacrimal bone
medial eye socket (2)
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malleous / incus / stapes
middle ear (2 of each)
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hyoid bone
U shaped bone in neck - anchors and attaches tongue (1)
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cervical vertebrae
neck (7)
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thoracic vertabrae
upper back (12)
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lumbar vertebrae
- lower back (5)
- largest vertebrae
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sacrum
bottom of vertebrae (5 bones fused as 1)
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coccyx
tailbone (4 bones fused as 1)
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ribs
- true: directly attached to sternum
- false: indirectly attached to sternum
- floating: no attachment to sternum
- (24 total)
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radius
lateral lower arm (2)
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ulna
medial lower arm (2)
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metacarpals
hand bones (10)
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scapula
shoulder blade (2)
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tibia
medial lower leg (shin) (2)
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fibula
lateral lower leg (2)
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metatarsals (10)
foot bones
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ilium
superior fan-shaped pelvic bone (2)
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ischium
inferior pelvic bones (2)
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pubis
medial pelvic bones that form hip joint (2)
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atlas
C1 cervical vertebra
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axis
C2 cervical vertebra
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calcaneus
heel bone (tarsal)
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talus
ankle bone (tarsal)
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epiphysis
expanded ends of long bone
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diaphysis
shaft of long bone
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medullary cavity
middle of diaphysis filled w/bone marrow
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periosteum
membrane that covers outside of diaphysis
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endosteum
membrane that lines inside of medullary cavity
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articular cartliage
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones that form a joint
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nutrient foramen
channels in diaphysis that contain vessels and nerves
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epiphysial line
vague line in an adult bone that has stopped growing (growth plate sealed)
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epiphyseal plate
growth plate
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metaphysis
region on an adult bone where growth plate used to be
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osteogenic cells
- forms all other bone cells
- found in fetus, periosteum, endosteum
- primitive stem cells
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osteoblasts
bone building cells
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osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
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osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain daily activity of bone cells
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osteon
- functional unit of compact bone
- contains lamellae, lacunae, haversian canal, canaliculi
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lamella
concentric layers of osteon
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lacunae
small space in osteon containing bone cells
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haversian canal
central canal of osteon
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canalicula
pathways in osteon for blood vessels
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coronal suture
between frontal and parietals
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sagittal suture
between the parietals
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squamosal suture
between parietal and temporal
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lambdoidal suture
between parietals and occipital
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fontanels
- soft spots on babies head
- make delivery easier by allowing fetal skull bones to slide over each other
- provide room for brain growth
- frontal, anterolateral, occipital, and mastoid
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bone markings
- all of the visable features seen on a bone
- can be holes, bumps, lines, ridges, or depressions
- usually found where tendons, ligaments, or membranes attach to bone or where blood vessels/nerves pass thru bone
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foramen
a hole through a bone
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foramen magnum
hole in occipital bone that spinal cord passes through to attach to the brain
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obturator foramen
- hole in pelvic bone where all structures from lower legs pass through to attach to spinal cord
- largest foramen in the body
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mental foramen
2 holes in the mandible
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supraorbital foramen
hole above each eye in the ethmoid bone
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infraorbital foramen
hole below each eye
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vertebral foramen
hole in each vertebra that the spinal cord passes through
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intervertebral foramen
holes between the vertebrae through which spinal nerves pass
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fossa
cup-like depression that is either shallow or deep
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acetabulum
- cup-like structure in the hip bone
- receives head of femur
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glenoid fossa
- in the scapula
- receives the head of humerus
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olecranon fossa
in the distal posterior humerus (elbow)
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coronoid fossa
in the distal anterior humerous
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condyle
large round projection on end of a bone that forms a joint
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lateral condyle
distal posterior femur
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medial condyle
distal posterior femur
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mandibular condyle
mandible joins with skull
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occipital condyle
occipital bone joins with C1
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head
round projection on end of a neck
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head of femur
joins with acetabulum
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head of humerus
joins with glenoid fossa
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malleolus
hammer head-like projection on end of a bone
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medial malleolus
- distal tibia
- combine with lateral malleolus to form point of the ankle
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lateral malleolus
- distal fibula
- combine with medial malleolus to form point of the ankle
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crest
ridge along superior surface of a bone
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iliac crest
top of iliac bone
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line
vertrical ridge along the surface of a bone
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linea aspera
posterior femur
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trochanter
- rough projection on a bone
- greater and lesser: proximal femur
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spine
short sharp slender projection
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ischial spine
- on ischium
- point of reference for childbirth
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meatus
tube-like canal or cavity in a bone
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external acoustic meatus
ear canal
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tuberosity
rough projection
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ischial tuberosity
on ischium - bottom of pelvis
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process
projection on a bone
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mastoid process
large round process behind ears
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styloid process
long pointed process behind ears next to mastoid process
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olecranon process
hook-like structure on proximal ulna
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transverse process
sides of vertebrae
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spinous process
back of vertebrae (spine)
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acromion process
- on scapula - forms shoulder joint
- larger process on shoulder
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coracoid process
- on scapula - forms shoulder joint
- smaller process on shoulder
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xiphoid process
inferior sternum
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ossification
bone formation
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endochondral ossification
- how long bones form
- always starts in diaphysis
- hyaline cartilage model of bone forms in 3rd month of pregnancy
- pH in the region begins to change
- chondrocytes break down cartilage
- cartilage is replaced by layer of bone (bone collar)
- perichondrium is infiltrated by blood vessels ---> becomes periosteum
- osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblastsafterwards only find cartilage in growth plate and end of bone (hyaline)
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intramembraneous ossification
- flat and irregular bones
- no cartilage stage (forms immediately)
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vitamins and minerals needed for bone growth
- calcium
- phosphate
- vitamin D
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