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What are the six regions of the adult brain?
Cerebrum, Diencephalons, Mescencephalon, Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla Oblongata
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What originates in the Cerebrum?
Conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, and complex motor patterns.
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Is the cerebrum that largest region of the brain?
Yes
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What is the roof of the diencephalon?
Epithalamus
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What are the walls of the Diencephalon?
The Thalami
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What Epithalamus and Thalami contain what?
They contain relay and processing centers for sensory data.
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What is the floor of that Diencephalon?
The Hypothalamus.
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What does the Hypothalamus contain?
It contains the centers involved with emotion, automatic function and hormone production.
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What does the mesencephalon process?
It processes visual and involuntary motor activities and generates involuntary somatic motor responses.
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What are the Pons?
The pons connects the cerebellum to the brain stem and is involved with somatic and visceral motor control.
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What is the Cerebellum?
The Cerebellum adjust voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory data and stores memories.
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What spinal cord connects to the brain at the?
Medulla Oblongata.
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What is the medulla oblongata?
It relays sensory information and regulates autonomic functions.
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What is neural cortex?
A layer of gray matter on the surfaces of the cerebrum and cerebellum that cover underlying white matter
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The central passageway of the brain expands to from chambers called?
Ventricles.
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What is Cerebrospinal fluid's function?
It continually circulates from the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord into the subarachnoid space of the meninges that surround the CNS.
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What does the Brain Stem consist of?
It consist of mid brain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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What parts are continuous with the same spinal meninges that surround the spinal cord?
The cranial meninges, Dura Mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
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Fold of the dura mater do what?
Stabilize the position of the brain within the cranium.
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Fold of the dura mater stabilize the position of the brain within the cranium and include?
the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diapragma sellae.
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What isolates neural tissue from the general circulation?
Blood brain barrier
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What does Cerebrospinal fluid do?
- 1. Cushions delicate neural structures
- 2. Support the brain
- 3. Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products.
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What is choroids plexus?
It is the site of cerebrospinal production.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid reaches the subarachnoid space via?
The lateral apertures and a median aperture.
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Diffusion across the ________ into the ________ returns CSF to the venous circulation.
Arachnoid Granulations; Superior Sagittal Sinus
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What cortical surface contains?
Gyri (Elevated ridges) separated by Sulci (Shallow Depressions) or Deeper Grooves (Fissures).
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The _________ separates the two __________.
Longitudinal Fissure; Cerebral Hemispheres.
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The central sulcus marks the boundary between what?
Frontal and parietal lobe.
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Other Sulci form the boundaries of the?
Temporal Lob and occipital lobe.
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What directs voluntary movements?
Primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus.
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What receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, taste and temperature receptors?
The Primary sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
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The central white matter contains three major groups of axons which are.
- 1. Association fibers
- 2. Commissural fibers
- 3. Projection fibers.
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What are association fibers?
They are tract that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere
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What are commissural Fibers?
They are tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
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What are projection fibers?
They are tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord.
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What does the Diencephalon provide?
It provides the switching and relay centers necessary to integrate the sensory and motor pathways.
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What does the Epithalamus contain?
It contains the hormone-secreting pineal gland.
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What is the thalamus?
It is the principal and final relay point for ascending sensory information and coordinates voluntary somatic motor activities.
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The hypothalamus contain important control and integrative center which can?
- 1. Control Involuntary somatic control activities.
- 2. Control autonomic function
- 3. coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems
- 4. Secrete hormones
- 5. Produce emotions and behavioral drives
- 6. Coordinate voluntary and autonomic functions.
- 7. Regulate body temperature
- 8. Control circadian cycles of activity
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The Pons contain.
- 1. Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves.
- 2. Nuclei concerned with involuntary control of respiration
- 3. Nuclei that process and relay cerebellar commands arriving over the middle cerebellar peduncles.
- 4. Ascending, descending and transverse tracts.
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What does the cerebellum do?
It overseas the body's postural muscles and programs and tunes voluntary and involuntary movement.
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The Cerebellar hemispheres consist of..
Neural cortex formed into folds, or folia.
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The surface of the cerebellum can be divided into.
The Anterior and posterior lobes, the vermis, and the flocculondular lobes.
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The Medulla oblongata contains the.
Nucleus Gracilis, the nucleus cuneatus, olivary nuclei
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What are the Nucleus Gracilis and the Nucleus cuneatus?
They are processing centers.
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what is the olivary nuclei?
They relay information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex.
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The Medulla Oblongata's reflex center including the cardiovascular centers and the respiratory rhythmicity center control what?
They control or adjust the activities of the peripheral systems.
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How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs.
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What does each nerve attach to?
It attaches to the brain near the associated sensory or motor nuclei on the ventrolateral surface of the brain.
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What is the Olfactory Tract?
Nerve NI: Carries sensory information responsible for the sense of smell.
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The olfactory afferents synapse within the.
Olfactory bulbs.
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What is the Optic Nerve?
N II: Carries visual information from the special sensory receptors in the eyes
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What is the oculomotor nerve?
N III: is the primary source of innervation for the extra-ocular muscles that move the eye ball.
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What will damage too N III do?
It will render you unable to blink eye when a small bug flew into it
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What is the trochlear nerve?
N IV: the smallest cranial nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
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What is the Trigeminal Nerve?
N V: Is the largest cranial nerve, it is a mixed nerve with ophthalmic maxillary, and mandibular branches and its motor neurons originate in pons.
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What is the Abducens nerve?
N VI: innervates the sixth extrinsic oculomotor muscle, the lateral rectus.
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What is the facial Nerve?
N VII: is a mixed nerve that controls muscles of the scalp and face. It provides pressure sensations over the face and receives taste information from the tongue.
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What is the Vestibulocochlear nerve?
N VIII: Contains the vestibular nerve, which monitors sensations of balance, position, and movement, and the cochlear nerve, which monitors hearing receptors.
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What is the Vagus Nerve?
N X: is a mixed nerve that is vital to the autonomic control of the visceral function and has a variety of motor components. X is the only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck region.
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What is the Accessory Nerve?
N XI: has a internal branch which innervates voluntary swallowing muscles of the soft palate and pharynx and an external branch, which controls muscles associated with the pectoral girdle.
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What is the hypoglossal nerve?
N XII: Provides voluntary motor control over tongue movements.
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Damages to VII, IX, and X does what?
It Reduces a person ability to taste salty and sweet food.
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