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Violating criminal code; intentional
Criminal behavior
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Classical theory
- Free will
- Decision to violate law is a choice
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Positivist theory
- Determinism
- Biopsychosocial influences
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Three Perspectives on Human Nature
- Conformity
- Nonconformity
- Learning
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Humans are basically good and want to live up to their potential, influenced by society’s attitudes and values.
Conformity
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Humans are undisciplined, kept in place only by laws.
Nonconformist
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Humans are neutral; behavior is learned from environment.
Learning
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Risk factors lead to criminal behavior
Developmental perspective
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Behavior not against criminal code but forbidden to juveniles due to age.
Status offenses
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Basic ingredient in violent crime
Aggression
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Intense/disorganizing anger in response to anger-inducing conditions.
Hostile aggression
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Desire for some object/status possessed by another.
Instrumental aggression
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Humans are susceptible to aggressive energy from birth.
Psychodynamic theory
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Inherited instinct to defend territory that ensures food, water, space, reproduction.
Etiological
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Evolution of behavior--> natural selection/survival of the fittest.
Environmental
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When goals are blocked, ppl get aggressive.
Frustration-Aggression
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Excitation transfer theory
physiological arousal dissipates over time.
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individual cannot aggress against source of provocation but able to be aggressive toward an innocent target.
Displaced aggression theory
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Tendency to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening.
Hostile Attribution Bias
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obvious direct confrontation, bullying, anger, decrease w/ age
Overt aggression
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Sly, underhanded, increases w/ age, rumors & fraud, less emotion, reliance on cognitive capabilities.
Covert
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Hostile act displayed in response to threat
Reactive aggression
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Less emotional, Bullying, domination, teasing, name-calling
Proactive
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