-
Functions
- support
- –maintains posture
- •motion
- –lever system
- –blood, lymph
- •heat production
- –energy used
- •protection
- –shields interior organs
-
Types of muscles
- skeletal muscle
- –attached to bones •striated and voluntary
- •smooth muscle
- –located in viscera
- •unstriated and involuntary•cardiac muscle
- –heart muscle
- •striated and involuntary
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Muscle Action
- muscles contract or relax
- –cannot push!
- •need antagonists
- –paired muscles
- –opposite actions
- •extensors, flexors
- •need connections
- –origin(stationary)
- –insertion(moving)
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Muscles Names
- 700 distinct muscles
- •named for various characteristics
- –direction of muscle fibers •rectus abdominus
- - parallel to midline
- –location
- •tibialis anterior - near tibia
- –size
- •gluteus maximus- largest
- •adductor longus long
- –origins
- •biceps, triceps, quadriceps - 2, 3, 4 origins
- –shape
- •deltoid - triangular
- –action
- •adductor longus- closer to midline
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Connective Tissue
- fascia
- –sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue
- •forms sheath around muscles
- tendons
- –extensions of fascia
- –attaches muscle to periosteum of bone
-
Muscle Structure
- 1) muscle
- –40 to 50% of body weight
- 2) muscle bundles (fascicles)
- –collections of muscle fibers
- 3) muscle cells (fibers)
- –may be 12” long
- –full of myofibrils
- •contracting element
-
Muscle cell structure
- sarcolemma
- –plasma membrane
- –sarc-,Greek for flesh
- sarcoplasm
- –cytoplasm
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- –endoplasmic reticulum
- T (transverse) system
- •myofibrils
- hundreds (thousands!) per cell
-
Myofibril Stucture
- sarcomeres(repeating patterns)
- –myosin(thick filaments)
- •16 nm in diameter
- –actin(thin filaments)
- •6 nm in diameter
- •Z line
- –marks ends of sarcomere)
-
Muscle Contractions
- Sliding filament theory
- –actin and myosin slide together
- Nerve impulse initiates action
- –impulse travels into cell via T tubules
- •Ca+ ions released
- –from sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Myosin attaches to actin
- –pulls actin
- –sarcomere shortens
- –uses energy (ATP)
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blood (Intro)
- Viscous fluid
- –density: water 1, blood 4.5-5.5
- (blood thicker than water)
- 8% of body weight
- –male: 5 to 6 qts
- –female:4 to 5 qts
- Many functions
-
Functions
- Transports hormones, O2, nutrients to cell
- Ttransports CO2, wastes from cell
- Fights infection
- Maintains blood pressure
- Maintains pH
- Regulates body temperature
-
Blood Componets
- Formed Elements
- solids (45%)
- Plasma
- Fluid ( 55%)
-
Formed Elments
- Red Blood cells
- erythrocytes
- White blood cells
- leucocytes
- Platelets
- thrombocytes
-
Red Blood Cells
- Bconcanve Disks
- -25 trillion
- Contain Hemoglobin
- -300 million molecules/ cells
- Produced in bone marrow
- -life span 120 days
- Erythropoietin increases numbers
- kidney hormone
-
Hemoglobin
- Respiratory Pigment
- carries oxygen adn red color
- four polypedtide chains
- four heme groups (conatin iron)
- Enclosed within cells to keep viscosioty low
- HB+02====HB02===(OXYHEMOGLOBIN)
-
RBC life cycle
- Derived from stem cells in bone marrow
- Destroyed in liver and splean
- Macrophages
- 8,000,000 destroyed every second
- globin broken down and reused
- iron saved for reuse
- heme excreted as bilirubin
-
white blood cells
- Larger, less numbers than RBC
- 1 WBC: 700 RBC'S
- Nucleated
- No hemoglobin
- Colony stimulating factor increses WBC count
- produced by WBC
- Most live only a few days
- Found in blood, tissue fluid, lymph
-
Blood Clotting
- Platelets a product of cell breakdown
- megakaryocytes
- 200 Billion produced/day!
- Fibrinogen and Prothombin
- Plasma proteins involved in clotting
- Vitamin K also neccesary
-
Plasma
- Straw colored liquid
- 92% water
- Contains plasma proteins
- albumin (60%)
- transport od bilirubin, hormones
- globulin (15%)
- ldl and hdl immunity
- fibrinogen (4%)
- clottin
-
Blood typing
- Proteins on surface of RBC'S
- ___A.B.O
- RH
- Frequencies of blood types
- 0(47%) universal
- A (41%)
- B(9%)
- AB (3%) Universal recipeint
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