HPP

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• nucleotides and nucleic acids

chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united in a chemical bond

molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

identifies consitiuent elements and shows how many of each are present

• shared electrons spent approximately equal time around each nucleus
• strongest of bonds

shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus than the other

• decomposition
• synthesis
• exchange

• can go either way and law of mass action determines direction
• important for stability

loss of electrons (electron acceptor is oxidizing agent)

• gain of electrons
• molecule that donates electrons is the reducing agent

• molecular motion and collisions (higher collisions means more reactions)
• concentrations (rate increases with more concentration)
• temperature (rate increases with increase in temp)
• catalysts (addition increases reaction rates)
• enzymes

• -speed up reactions without permanent change to itself
• -holds reactant molecules in correct orientation
• -catalyst not permanently consumed or changed by the reaction

• proton donor
• releases H+ in water

• proton acceptor
• releases OH- in water

a measure of the amount of H+ in a solution

basic solution

acidic solution

7.35-7.45

acidosis

alkalosis

very important to keep pH balance in body!

salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current

• chemical reactivity
• osmosis effect (water movement)
• electrical effects on nerves and muscle tissues

they are important for their chemical and physical effects on the body and if not in balance there can be muscle cramps or cardiac arrest

in equivalents (Eq)

2

very large organic molecules (DNA, proteins)

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

identical or similar sub units

hydrated carbon and oxygen molecules (hydrophobic)

• simplest sugars
• glucose, glactose, fructose

• sugar molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides
• sucrose, lactose, maltose

• long chains of monosaccharides
• glycogen, starch, cellulose

• hydrophobic molecule with high ration of hydrogen to oxygen
• store energy

• a type of lipid that has polar group on one end and non polar group on the other end
• 4-24 carbon atoms

• carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen
• solid at room temp

• contains c=c bonds
• liquid at room temp

many c=c bonds

obtained from diet, your body can't synthesize

• 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to 3 carbon alcohol molecules
• formed by dehydration synthesis

polyunsaturated

saturated fats

• energy storage
• insulation
• shock absorption

a tryglyceride with a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid tail

amphiphillic-has hydropillic head and hydrophobic tail

lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms in 4 rings

parent steriod form which other steroids are synthesized

• high density lipoprotein
• the good cholesterol

• low density lipoprotein
• the bad cholesterol

takes the fat from the blood and takes it to the liver to break it down

• 20 carbon compound that comes from a fatty acid
• a hormone like chemical

joining of monomers to form polymers

• how living cells form polymers
• removal of water

• the addition of water to a molecule/reaction
• forms 2 separate monomers or separates polymers

any molecule comosed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

• joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carbozyl group of the next
• uses dehydration systhesis

have more than 50 amino acids

protein sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes

• coiled or folding shape held together by hydrogen bonds
• hydrogen bonds between H and O
• most common-a helix and b sheets

further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous proteins

compact tertiary structure well suited for proteins embedded in the cell membrane and proteins that must move around freely

slender filaments better suited for roles as in muscle contraction and strengthening the skin

the folding and binding of 2 or more proteins

function

• the unique 3D shape of a protein
• ability of reversible change in conformation is important (enzymes for ex)

extreme conformational change that destroys function of protein

extreme heat or pH

its a tough structural protein that gives strength to hair, nails, and skin surface

collagen is a durable protein that is in deep layers of skin, bone, cartilage and teeth

• some hormones and other cell-cell interactions
• there are receptors which signal molecules to bind

any hormone or molecule that reversibly bonds to a protein

channels in the cell membrane govern what passes through

transport solute particles to other side of membrane

such as immune recoginition, antibodies, clotting proteins

are molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly

• proteins bind together
• immune cells to bind to cancer cells
• keep tissues from falling apart

• double ring
• adenine
• guanine

• single ring
• cystine
• thymine
• uracil