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What are the 4 categories of carbon compounds in living organisms?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- nucleotides and nucleic acids
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Molecules
chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united in a chemical bond
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Compounds
molecules composed of 2 or more different elements
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molecular formula
identifies consitiuent elements and shows how many of each are present
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Non polar covalent bonds
- shared electrons spent approximately equal time around each nucleus
- strongest of bonds
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polar covalent
shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus than the other
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classes of chemical reaction
- decomposition
- synthesis
- exchange
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reversible reaction
- can go either way and law of mass action determines direction
- important for stability
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oxidation
loss of electrons (electron acceptor is oxidizing agent)
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reduction
- gain of electrons
- molecule that donates electrons is the reducing agent
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What is the basis for chemical reactions
- molecular motion and collisions (higher collisions means more reactions)
- concentrations (rate increases with more concentration)
- temperature (rate increases with increase in temp)
- catalysts (addition increases reaction rates)
- enzymes
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catalysts
- -speed up reactions without permanent change to itself
- -holds reactant molecules in correct orientation
- -catalyst not permanently consumed or changed by the reaction
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Acid
- proton donor
- releases H+ in water
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Base
- proton acceptor
- releases OH- in water
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pH
a measure of the amount of H+ in a solution
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normal pH of the blood
7.35-7.45
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pH>7.45
alkalosis
very important to keep pH balance in body!
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Electrolytes
salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current
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What is the importance of electrolytes?
- chemical reactivity
- osmosis effect (water movement)
- electrical effects on nerves and muscle tissues
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What is the role of electrolytes
they are important for their chemical and physical effects on the body and if not in balance there can be muscle cramps or cardiac arrest
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How are electrolytes measured?
in equivalents (Eq)
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How many mEq are present in Ca+2
2
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Macromolecules
very large organic molecules (DNA, proteins)
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polymers
molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits
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monomers
identical or similar sub units
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carbohydrates
hydrated carbon and oxygen molecules (hydrophobic)
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Monosaccharides
- simplest sugars
- glucose, glactose, fructose
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disaccharides
- sugar molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
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polsaccharides
- long chains of monosaccharides
- glycogen, starch, cellulose
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lipids
- hydrophobic molecule with high ration of hydrogen to oxygen
- store energy
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fatty acid
- a type of lipid that has polar group on one end and non polar group on the other end
- 4-24 carbon atoms
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saturated
- carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen
- solid at room temp
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unsaturated
- contains c=c bonds
- liquid at room temp
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polyunsaturated
many c=c bonds
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essential fatty acid
obtained from diet, your body can't synthesize
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tryglycerides
- 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to 3 carbon alcohol molecules
- formed by dehydration synthesis
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tryglycerides at room temp called liquid oils
polyunsaturated
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when tryglycerides are at room temperature and solid
saturated fats
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What is the primary function of tryglycerides
- energy storage
- insulation
- shock absorption
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phospholipids
a tryglyceride with a phosphate group in place of one fatty acid tail
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key characteristic of phospholipids
amphiphillic-has hydropillic head and hydrophobic tail
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Steroid
lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms in 4 rings
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cholesterol
parent steriod form which other steroids are synthesized
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HDL
- high density lipoprotein
- the good cholesterol
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LDL
- low density lipoprotein
- the bad cholesterol
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What does HDL do in the body?
takes the fat from the blood and takes it to the liver to break it down
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eicosanoids
- 20 carbon compound that comes from a fatty acid
- a hormone like chemical
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polymerization
joining of monomers to form polymers
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dehydration systhesis
- how living cells form polymers
- removal of water
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hydrolysis
- the addition of water to a molecule/reaction
- forms 2 separate monomers or separates polymers
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peptide
any molecule comosed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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peptide bond
- joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carbozyl group of the next
- uses dehydration systhesis
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proteins
have more than 50 amino acids
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primary structure
protein sequence of amino acids which is encoded in the genes
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secondary structure
- coiled or folding shape held together by hydrogen bonds
- hydrogen bonds between H and O
- most common-a helix and b sheets
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tertiary structures
further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous proteins
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Globular protein
compact tertiary structure well suited for proteins embedded in the cell membrane and proteins that must move around freely
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fibrous protein
slender filaments better suited for roles as in muscle contraction and strengthening the skin
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quaternary structures
the folding and binding of 2 or more proteins
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The structure of a protein is close associated with its
function
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conformation
- the unique 3D shape of a protein
- ability of reversible change in conformation is important (enzymes for ex)
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denaturation
extreme conformational change that destroys function of protein
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What are the causes of denaturation
extreme heat or pH
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Protein structure-keratin
its a tough structural protein that gives strength to hair, nails, and skin surface
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Protein function-structure
collagen is a durable protein that is in deep layers of skin, bone, cartilage and teeth
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protein communication
- some hormones and other cell-cell interactions
- there are receptors which signal molecules to bind
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ligand
any hormone or molecule that reversibly bonds to a protein
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protein membrane transport
channels in the cell membrane govern what passes through
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carrier proteins
transport solute particles to other side of membrane
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proteins are used for recoginition and protections
such as immune recoginition, antibodies, clotting proteins
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proteins are used for movement-motor proteins
are molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly
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cells are used for cell adhesion
- proteins bind together
- immune cells to bind to cancer cells
- keep tissues from falling apart
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purines
- double ring
- adenine
- guanine
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pyrimidines
- single ring
- cystine
- thymine
- uracil
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