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How many different states of matter are there? What are they?
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What is a Solid matter? Why does it maintain it's shape?
- Atoms or molecules that are limited to back and fourth motion about a central position
- It maintains shape because atoms are are kept in place by strong mutual forces
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What is Liquids defined as? What shape do they take form in?
- Exhibit mutual attraction but forces are weaker in liquids than solids, liquids move about fully
- They take shape of their container
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Define Gases and what motion do they exhibit?
- Molecular attractive forces are very weak
- Exhibit rapid motion, random motion with frequent collisions
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What are the 2 types of internal energy?
- Potential: Solids and liquids in position, depends on energy of position
- Kinetic: Gas, energy of motion, constantly moving
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Does all matter have some kinetic energy?
Yes, all matter possess some type of kinetic energy
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What kind of internal energy is in solids and liquids? Why?
Potential energy because the result of strong attractive forces between molecules
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What kind of internal liquids is in gases? Why?
Kinetic energy because temperature and kinetic energy are closely related
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What is Absolute Zero?
No kinetic energy
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What is the equation for Kelvin?
K' = 'C + 273
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What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, only transformed in nature.
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If you had 2 objects at different temperatures, heat will move from the ________ object to the _________ object.
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How can you increase internal energy?
You can increase it by heating it or performing work on it
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What are the 4 ways, 2 objects with the same temperature exist in thermal equilibriation?
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation/Condensation
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What is Conduction?
Transfer of heat by direct contact between hot and cold molecules
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What is Convection? What does it occur with?
- Mixing of fluid molecules at different temperatures
- Occurs in liquids and gases
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What is radiation?
- Occurs without direct physical contact
- (microwave)
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What is evaporation/condensation?
- Heat is taken from air surrounding the liquid, cooling the air i.e: misters at theme parks
- Condensation is the opposite of evaporation - gas turns back to liquid (foggy windows, turn on heater causes condensation)
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What is the melting point of ice?
O' celcius
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What is the melting point of carbon?
3500' C
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What is the melting point of helium?
-272'C
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If extra heat is needed to change a solid to a liquid, what is that called?
Latent heat of fusion
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When variations in liquid pressure within a container produce an upward supporting force, what is that called?
Buoyancy
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What is Viscosity?
Force opposing a fluid's flow
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How much viscosity does blood have over water?
5x greater than water
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What is LaPlace's Law?
Pressures varies directly with surface tension of the liquid and inversely with the radius
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What is capillary action?
A liquid in a small tube that moves upward against gravity
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What does capillary action involve?
Adhesive and surface tension forces
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What is the basis for blood samples obtained by capillary tube?
Capillary action
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What is vaporization?
Changing a liquid into a vapor
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What are the 2 forms of vaporization?
- Boiling: occurs at boiling point. Temperature at which its vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure
- Evaporation: When temperature is lower than boiling point, water enters atmosphere
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What is absoulte humidity?
Actual amount of water vapor in a gas
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What is relative humidity?
Ratio of actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at a given temperature
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At what % is RH fully saturated with water vapor?
100%
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If air is 90% ____ is cooled, its capacity to hold water vapor __________.
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What is the equation for RH?
%RH = (content (AH) / saturated capacity) x 100
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RH should never exceed ______.
100%
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What is dew point?
The temperature at which condensation begins (cold frosty beer)
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What is water vapor capacity in saturated gas at body temp?
37'C
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What is Graham's Law?
- The rate of diffusion of a gas inversely proportional to the square root of its gram molecular weight
- ask lighter gases diffuse rapidly, where as heavy gases diffuse slowy
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What is Dalton's law?
Total pressure of a mixture of gases must equal the sum of partial pressure of all components gases
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What is Henry's Law?
- Predicts how much gas will dissolve in liquid.
- The volume of gas that dissolves in a liquid is equal to its solubility coefficient x its partial pressure
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What are the 4 main gas law's?
- Boyle's
- Charles
- Gay-Lussac's
- Combined gas law
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What is Boyle's gas law?
- The volume of gas varies inversely with it's pressure.
- Volume goes down, pressure goes up
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What is Charles' gas law?
- The volume of gas varies directly with it's temperature
- Volume goes down, temperature goes down
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What is Gay-Lussac's law?
- The pressure exerted by a gas varies directly with its absolute temperature
- Pressure goes up, temp goes up
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What is combined gas law?
Interaction of Boyle's, Charles', or Gay-Lussac's Laws
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What is crtical temperature?
The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid
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What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
In any mechanical process, there will always be a decrease in total energy available to do work
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What is the study of fluids in motion called?
Hydrodynamics
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What is laminar flow?
Fluid moves in streamlines
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What is Turbulent flow?
Pattern of flow through a tube changes significantly with a loss of regular streamlines
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What is transitional flow?
Mixture of both laminar and turbulent flows
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What is the Bernoulli effect?
Fluid that flows through the constriction increases its velocity while the lateral pressure decreases
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What is the venturi tube?
A modified entrainment device
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What is the purpose of the venturi tube?
Helps restore fluid pressure back toward prejet levels
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What is 1 drawback of the venturi tube?
Any buildup of pressure downstream from the entrainment port decreases fluid entrainments
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What is a Pitot tube?
- Modified venturi tube
- Lessens the effect of downstream pressure fluid entrainment
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What is fluidics?
A branch of engineering that applies hydrodynamics principles in flow circuits
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What is the Coanda effect? (wall attachment)
Observed when fluid flows through a small orifice with properly contoured downstream surfaces
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