What important steps need to happen during the swallowing process to prevent aspiration?
portage answer-. 1- The larynx rises and 2- the trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea (to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs).
my answer- The larynx rises, and the trachea is closed by a flap of tissue called the epiglottis , the epiglottis moves below to cover the trachea to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
Why does the soft palate elevate during swallowing?
the soft palate elevates to stop food or liquid going into the nasal passages
What is the glottis?
An opening in the larynx where the vocal cords (vocal folds) are located.
9. What is aspiration?
my answer-aspiration-when food or particles enter the trachea
portage answer-9. Food or liquid that accidentally enters the trachea (then lungs)
10. True or False? The left lung has three lobes.
10. False. The left lung has two lobes. The right lung has three lobes.
11. Name two functions of the pleura.
11. Facilitates movement of lungs with body wall. Enclose the lungs/pleural cavity.
Know the upper respiratory diagram well
Know the diagram of the alveoli
In the lower respiratory system, know the location and names of the 5 lobes of the lungs.
Respiratory Tract Histology
13. What is the major histology type in the respiratory system?
14. What is the name of the “floor” of the epithelium in the respiratory tract?
14. Basement membrane
15. Why are the cells in the respiratory epithelium called columnar cells?
15. “Rectangular” in shape; taller than they are wide
they have a similar appearance to a column
16. What are the wine-glass shaped mucous-producing cells?
Goblet cells
17. Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found in the respiratory system?
17. Vestibule of the nose (nose opening)
another name for vestibule (entryway or passage? per google
18. Describe the purpose of surfactant.
18. purpose of surfactant - covers the luminal surface and prevents the alveoli from sticking and rubbing together during exhalation
The luminal surface is the lining of a tube-shaped organ or membrane-bound cavity in the body
19. List and describe the two types of alveolar epithelium.
Type 1, Type II
20. What is the most abundant cell found within the alveoli?
20. Alveolar macrophages
21. Be familiar with the diagram of the alveoli
Respiratory Physiology
22. Explain the steps necessary for inhalation.
Negative pressure is used to move air into the lungs:
A negative pressure environment is created inside the lungs by the pleural space.
The motion of the rib cage: the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand the lungs.
The diaphragm: The diaphragm is flattened as it contracts, pulling the lungs open
As the thoracic cavity expands and lung volume increases, the density of the density of the gases filling the lungs decreases
Because air pressure outside of the lungs is now greater than inside (where there is negative pressure), air will naturally flow into the lungs.
Respiratory Physiology
23. What is meant that “negative pressure” is created inside the lungs?
23. This means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere, allowing air to naturally flow into the lungs.
Respiratory Physiology
24. True or false: Exhalation is an active process.
FALSE-passive process
24. Exhalation (or expiration) passively occurs. When the rib cage is lowered and the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases and therefore air moves out of the lungs where the pressure is lower.
Respiratory Physiology
25. What is the function of hemoglobin?
25. Hemoglobin combines with the oxygen entering the blood to carry the oxygen in the blood system from the lungs to the cells of the tissues.
Respiratory Physiology
26. What muscle is largely responsible for providing movement for respiration?
26. The diaphragm
Respiratory Physiology
27. Ultimately gas exchange occurs where?
27. Respiratory bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli
Respiratory Physiology
28. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in what form?
Bicarbonate ion
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
29. Review all respiratory physiology measurement terms and know definitions.
Tidal Volume TV
IRV- Inspiratory Reserve Volume
ERV- Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume RV
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Charles’s Law
Helps explain why warming the air is beneficial to the respiratory system.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Dalton’s Law
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pp) of the individual gases. (i.e. ppO2 + ppCO2 + ppN2 = 1 atmosphere)
The concentrations and partial pressures of gasses will affect the diffusion of those gases.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Tidal Volume (TV)
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. This is typically around 3000mL of air.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) – maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort), typically around 1200mL of air.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Residual Volume (RV)
Residual Volume (RV) – amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically 1300mL of air.
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Vital Capacity (VC) =
Vital Capacity (VC) = ERV+TV+IRV
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) =
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC +RV
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) =
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV
Terminology of Respiratory Physiology
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) =
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV+ERV
32. This law helps explain why warming the air is beneficial to the respiratory system.
Charles’s Law
The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature. Charles’s law helps explain why warming air is beneficial to the respiratory system. The higher the temperature the greater gas volume, or the lower temperature the lower gas volume.
33. This is the amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation.
33. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
31. There are three gases in a tank. The partial pressure of the first is 120 mmHg, the pressure of the second is 320 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of the third at 1 atm?
120 mmHg + 320 mmHg = 440 mmHg. 760 mmHg - 440 mmHg =320 mm Hg. (The answer is 320 mm Hg) **Remember that 1 atm = 760 mm Hg.
34. This is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing.
Tidal volume
35. What is cystic fibrosis?
a hereditary dz. the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract the cells create mucus without enough saline. The mucus produced becomes very thick. the thick mucus then clogs the respiratory tract.
35. A serious genetic disease of excretory glands, affecting lungs and other organs; it causes production of very thick mucus that interferes with normal digestion and breathing.
36. What is pulmonary edema?
pulmonary edema- build up of fluid in the lungs
pleurisy
pleurisy-pleuritis is inflammation of the pleura (lining of the lungs) due to infection, cancer, or injury.
20. What is the most abundant cell found within the alveoli?
20. Alveolar macrophages
describe type I alveolar epithelium
Type I form the very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries.
Describe Type II alveolar epithelium
Type II produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface to keep the alveoli open. In addition, Type II cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells.
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This means that there is higher pressure in a smaller volume or less pressure in a greater volume. Boyle’s law is a relationship between gas and pressure. This helps explain why inspiration and expiration can take place.
