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What is cancer?
A. A genetic disorder affecting only blood cells
B. A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth
C. An infection by viruses or bacteria
D. A metabolic disorder only in animals
- Answer: B.
- Rationale: Cancer is defined as a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth and division, leading to potential tissue invasion and metastasis.
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Which type of tumor is non-invasive and localized?
A. Benign
B. Malignant
C. Metastatic
D. Carcinogenic
- Answer: A
- Rationale: Benign tumors are non-invasive, grow slowly, and generally remain localized without spreading to other body parts.
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What does the ‘M’ in the TNM staging system represent?
A. Metabolism
B. Metastasis
C. Mitosis
D. Microtubules
- Answer: B
- Rationale: In the TNM system, “M” refers to metastasis, indicating whether cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.
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Which gene is commonly known as the "guardian of the genome"?
A. BRCA1
B. p53
C. HER2
D. KRAS
- Answer: B
- Rationale: The p53 gene is called the "guardian of the genome" because it regulates cell division and prevents mutations from leading to cancer.
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What does "carcinoma in situ" mean?
A. The cancer is benign
B. The cancer has spread to nearby tissues
C. The cancer is confined to its origin and has not invaded neighboring tissues
D. The cancer is metastatic
- Answer: C
- Rationale: "In situ" means the cancer remains localized to its origin and has not invaded surrounding tissues.
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Which of the following is an example of a carcinogen?
A. Glucose
B. Tobacco smoke
C. Oxygen
D. Water
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that are well-known carcinogens, contributing to cancer risk.
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What is angiogenesis?
A. Programmed cell death
B. Formation of new blood vessels to support tumor growth
C. Production of cancer cells from healthy cells
D. Spread of cancer cells to distant sites
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels, which tumors stimulate to supply nutrients for growth.
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In TNM staging, what does T1-T4 indicate?
A. The number of tumors present
B. The size and/or extent of the primary tumor
C. The level of lymph node involvement
D. The stage of metastasis
- Answer: B
- Rationale: T1-T4 describe the size or extent of the primary tumor; the larger the T number, the larger or more invasive the tumor.
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Which of the following describes malignant tumors?
A. They are encapsulated
B. They can invade and destroy surrounding tissues
C. They are non-recurrent after removal
D. They do not metastasize
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Malignant tumors invade and destroy surrounding tissues, and they have the ability to spread to other body parts.
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Which stage indicates that cancer has not spread beyond the primary site?
A. Stage 0
B. Stage II
C. Stage III
D. Stage IV
- Answer: A
- Rationale: Stage 0 is typically used for cancer in situ, meaning it is localized and has not spread.
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Which environmental factor is a major cause of skin cancer?
A. Smoking
B. Air pollution
C. UV radiation
D. Alcohol
- Answer: C
- Rationale: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a primary cause of skin cancer.
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What role do oncogenes play in cancer?
A. They repair DNA damage
B. They promote excessive cell growth
C. They prevent cancer cell growth
D. They stabilize cell membranes
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive excessive cell division, leading to cancer.
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What is metastasis?
A. The formation of a new tumor in the primary location
B. The spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body
C. Cell death due to lack of oxygen
D. Increase in cell size and density
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site to other parts of the body.
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What are tumor suppressor genes?
A. Genes that accelerate cell division
B. Genes that help repair damaged DNA and suppress tumors
C. Genes that always lead to cancer formation
D. Genes that create blood vessels for tumors
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth, repair DNA, and prevent cells from becoming cancerous.
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Which cancer treatment uses high-energy radiation to kill cells?
A. Chemotherapy
B. Immunotherapy
C. Hyperthermia
D. Radiation therapy
- Answer: D
- Rationale: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage DNA and kill cancer cells.
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What is the purpose of a prophylactic surgery in cancer?
A. To treat symptoms
B. To prevent cancer development
C. To remove metastatic tumors
D. To perform diagnostic procedures
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Prophylactic surgery removes tissues at high risk of becoming cancerous to prevent cancer.
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Which type of biopsy removes an entire suspicious area?
A. Needle biopsy
B. Incisional biopsy
C. Excisional biopsy
D. Cytology
- Answer: C
- Rationale: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire area of suspicious tissue.
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Which grade in cancer grading indicates cells that are well-differentiated?
A. Grade I
B. Grade II
C. Grade III
D. Grade IV
- Answer: A
- Rationale: Grade I tumors are well-differentiated, closely resembling normal cells.
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What does the N component in TNM refer to?
A. Neoplasm size
B. Node involvement
C. Number of metastases
D. Neuroblastoma risk
- Answer: B
- Rationale: “N” refers to lymph node involvement, indicating cancer spread to nearby nodes.
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What is hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
A. Using extreme cold to treat tumors
B. Raising body temperature to damage tumor cells
C. Immunotherapy for cancer
D. Stopping blood supply to tumors
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Hyperthermia involves raising body temperature to enhance cancer cell sensitivity to treatments.
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Which cancer is associated with the CA-125 tumor marker?
A. Breast cancer
B. Ovarian cancer
C. Prostate cancer
D. Lung cancer
- Answer: B
- Rationale: CA-125 is a marker commonly associated with ovarian cancer.
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What is a common side effect of chemotherapy?
A. Increased energy
B. Hair loss
C. Muscle gain
D. Improved vision
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Chemotherapy drugs target fast-growing cells, leading to hair loss as a common side effect.
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Which cancer type originates from epithelial tissues?
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Leukemia
- Answer: C
- Rationale: Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissues, such as the skin or lining of organs.
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Which type of radiation is known to cause skin cancer?
A. Infrared radiation
B. Visible light
C. Ultraviolet radiation
D. Gamma rays
- Answer: C
- Rationale: UV radiation from sunlight is a known risk factor for skin cancer.
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What does Tis mean in TNM staging?
A. Tumor has spread to lymph nodes
B. Cancer in situ (localized without spreading)
C. Tumor size is very small
D. Tumor is non-existent
- Answer: B
- Rationale: “Tis” indicates carcinoma in situ, meaning the cancer has not spread beyond its original site.
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Which stage of cancer indicates distant metastasis?
A. Stage I
B. Stage II
C. Stage III
D. Stage IV
- Answer: D
- Rationale: Stage IV cancer refers to the most advanced stage where the cancer has spread (metastasized) to distant parts of the body, beyond the primary tumor site.
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What do proto-oncogenes do in healthy cells?
A. Prevent cell division
B. Aid normal cell growth
C. Eliminate cancer cells
D. Suppress tumors
- Answer: B
- Rationale: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that help regulate cell growth and division. When these genes mutate, they can become oncogenes, which contribute to cancer development.
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What is the goal of palliative treatment?
A. Cure the disease
B. Control the spread
C. Relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
D. Prevent cancer from recurring
- Answer: C
- Rationale: Palliative treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life, especially when a cure is not possible.
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What type of cancer treatment involves using the body’s immune system?
A. Radiation therapy
B. Chemotherapy
C. Immunotherapy
D. Targeted therapy
- Answer: C
- Rationale: Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells, either by stimulating the immune system or by introducing synthetic immune components.
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Which environmental agent is a common risk factor for lung cancer?
A. Radiation therapy
B. UV exposure
C. Air pollution
D. Tobacco smoke
- Answer: D
- Rationale: Tobacco smoke is the leading environmental risk factor for lung cancer, contributing to the majority of cases due to its carcinogenic compounds.
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