– food and nutrition security, countryside development, competitive industry, renewable energy and energy storage solutions.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRR CCA)?
- improvement of monitoring and forecasting hazards, vulnerability and risk assessment
AmBisyon Natin 2040 is?
– a long-term vision for the Philippines, aiming for a stable, comfortable, and secure by the year 2040
– guide for national development
Three Pillars of AmBisyon Natin 2040?
Malasakit: Enhancing the social fabric and promoting community welfare.
Pagbabago: Reducing inequality and providing equal opportunities.
Kaunlaran: Increasing potential growth and fostering economic development.
Focus on Sustainable Developmentof AmBisyon Natin 2040?
– The vision emphasizes sustainable practices and resilience to challenges such as climate change and
social disparities.
1. Balik Scientist Program (BSP)?
- initiative of the government to address the “brain drain” that has occurred in the country.
Established in 1975, enforced by R.A 11035 on June 15, 2018
● UNESCO states that?
a country should have 380 scientists/researchers per million population. However, in the Philippines, the ratio remains to be 189 scientists/researchers per million.
2. DOST Science for Change Program (S4CP) is created to?
- created to accelerate science, technology, and innovation in the Philippines.
– Focuses on accelerated Research and Development programs for capacity building of R&D institutions
4 programs of DOST Science for Change Program?
1. Niche Centers in the regions for R&D
2. R&D Leadership program
3. Colaborative R&D to leverage ph economy
4. Business innovation through science and technology program
1. Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program?
- capacitates Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the region to make significant improvements in regional research.
– Provides institutional grants for HEIs in the regions for R&D capacity building to improve S&T infrastructure.
How many NICERS?
Currently, there are 18 existing NICERs across 14 regions for a total funding of 641 million pesos.
2. R&D Leadership Program?
- complements the R&D Centers in the NICER program.
– Provides the mechanism to bring in experts and highly skilled professionals with strong leadership and
proficiencies to be in charge of strengthening the research capabilities of the HEIs,
3. Collaborative Research and Development to Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE) Program ?
- designed to foster collaboration between academe and local companies
– facilitates the transition of new technologies from universities and research and development institutes
(RDI) to industries
– “From lab to market”
4. Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) Program?
- aims to level-up the innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial Sector by helping private companies and industries acquire novel and strategic technologies
– Provides equipment and machinery, technology licenses and patent rights among others
3. National Space Development Program (NSDP)?
- to help craft the policy framework for space development and utilization and the proposed national space agency.
1. Fe del Mundo?
– Enhanced incubator (Bamboo Incubator)
– Developed the BRAT diet (banana, rice, apple, tea) for treating diarrhea
2. Eduardo Quisumbing?
– known for expertise in medicinal plants
– The Saccolabium quisumbingii is named in his honor
3. Gavino Cajulao Trono Jr. ?
– Known as the "Father of Kappaphycus farming"
– Focused on cultivating seaweeds for coastal communities
4. Maria Orasa Ylagan?
– Developed 700 recipes, including banana ketchup
– Soyalac (nutrient-rich drink from soybeans)
– Darak (rice cookies with Vitamin B-1 to combat beriberi)
5. Angel Alcala?
– Developed no-take marine protected zones (MPAs) in the 1970s
– Established the first artificial coral reef in the Philippines
6. William Torres?
– Father of the Internet in the Philippines
– PhilNET project (connecting national research and educational networks to the global Internet)
What is science policy?
– refers to the set of decisions made by the federal government regarding the level, distribution, and conditions for funding research in universities.
Why is science policy important? And why is it “science” and “policy”?
As scientists, we have a responsibility to make sure that policymakers understand the value of our science
and have access to the best scientific knowledge available.
What is the role of the government in science and technology?
– directly support scientific and technical research;
for example, through grant-providing agencies or through tax incentives (like the R&D tax credit)
1. University of Santo Tomas?
– founded in 1611 by Miguel de Benavides
– one of Asia's oldest and most prominent universities.
– largest Catholic university in the world
declared a “Pontifical University” by?
Pope Leo XIII
Has the oldest medical school in the Philippines, the Faculty of?
Medicine and Surgery.
2. Ateneo de Manila University?
– established in 1859 by the Jesuits,
– known for its emphasis on liberal arts education grounded in Jesuit traditions
ADMU has produced notable alumni, such as?
national hero Jose Rizal and multiple Philippine presidents
3. Colegio de San Juan de Letran?
– commonly known as Letran, founded in 1620
originally established as an orphanage by Spanish officer?
Don Juan Geronimo Guerrero
– The college honors ?
Saint John the Baptist
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST)?
-is the Philippines' lead government agency for promoting scientific and technological progress.
Indigenous knowledge system?
– embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous or local communities
– orally passes in stories, poem, songs
Indigenous Science?
– uses process science skills guided by the community culture and values composed of traditional knowledge
“pamo” involves?
corralling fish into enclosures, demonstrating a deep understanding of fish behavior.
What is Citizen Science?
– The practice of public participation and collaboration in scientific research to increase scientific knowledge,
Through citizen science, people share and contribute to data monitoring and collection programs.
– The main benefit is the fact that people become more aware, direct involved, and concerned.
Citizen Science Projects?
• Bird Census. • Celebrate Urban Birds. ...
• Monitor Bird Nests. … • The Horseshoe Count. ...
• Butterfly Census. … • Monitor Water. ...
• Count Birds. … • Observe Appalachian Flowers.
Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute PH?
– LAMAVE is using citizen science to gather research data for marine species, such as marine turtles, whale
sharks and manta rays. We do this thru the collection of photographs of these species.
The Blue Carbon Project?
– community mapping activities. The activities were in coordination with the local residents and were done to
identify the general features, habitats, resources, and issues and problems in the area.
Philippine Coral Bleaching Watch?
– an initiative developed by UP MSI to assess the extent and severity of coral bleaching nationwide.
Technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS)?
-enable farmers to optimize their operations.
- These tools allow for precise data collection regarding soil health, crop yields, and irrigation needs etc.
2. Automation and Robotics?
– tasks such as planting, harvesting, and pest control.
– used to sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while being dragged by a tractor.
SeSeed Drill
long blades cut furrows in soil dragged by tractor?
Plows
Are essential pieces of equipment for farms that have hectares of land?
Harvesters
– monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop health in real-time?
Smart Sensors
Innovations in genomics allow for the development of disease-resistant crop varieties.
Genomic Technologies
Climate Change causes?
Changes in temperature and precipitation disrupt planting and harvesting sched.
Crop Viability become less viable in their traditional growing regions due to extreme weather etc.
Effects of Climate Change?
Pests and Diseases, Ocean Acidification, Ocean Temperature Rise
Persistent pesticide that can adhere to sediments in water bodies and remain for years?
Chlordane
Widely used herbicide that can contaminate surface and groundwater?
Atrazine
Can leach into groundwater, causing nitrate pollution; harmful to human health?
Ammonium Nitrate
Fertilizer that can contribute to nutrient runoff?
Urea
fishing techn. that uses large nets and is dragged by one or more boats along the ocean floor?
Trawling
Used for navigation and construction, dredging disturbs the seafloor?
Dredging
Seafloor mining for minerals and sand can directly destroy habitats
True
The unintentional capture of non-target species, including dolphins, turtles, and seabirds?
Bycatch
Focused on developing high-yield rice varieties and supporting local farmers?
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)
Significant presence in the coconut industry, offering financial support to coconut farmers?
United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB) - UCPB
A Multinational company operating in the PH, it grows and exports bananas, pineapples, and other tropical fruits?
Unifrutti Group
One of the largest pineapple producers in the world?
Del Monte Philippines, Inc
Has vast plantations in Mindanao, producing canned pineapples, juices, and other processed fruit products?
Del Monte
One of the largest sugar producers in the PH?
Roxas Holdings, Inc
Offers agricultural solutions, including corn seeds and crop protection products?
Syngenta Philippines
A major producer of canned tuna and other seafood products,with brands like Century Tuna?
Century Pacific Food, Inc.
Subsidiary of __ it is one of the largest food companies in the Philippines, producing poultry, meats, and processed foods?
San Miguel Foods, Inc
A major producer of noodles (Lucky Me!), biscuits, and snack foods?
Monde Nissin Corporation
A leading dairy company producing milk, cream, and other dairy products?
Alaska Milk Corporation
FOOD SECURITY mean?
– means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
The largest numbers of food-insecure persons are found in?
South Asia
CPI?
Consumer Price Index
East and Southern Africa?
– 80 million people in East and Southern Africa are projected to be food insecure by February 2025.
Key Drivers of East and south Africa?
- Drought and conflict
Current Situation in east and south africa?
- Exhausted Stocks food stocks from the 2024 harvest.
Areas of Highest Concern?
- Southern Angola - Southern Malawi - Zimbabwe
- Conflict areas of Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Southern and Central Mozambique
East Asia and the Pacific?
CRice prices in the Philippines remain high despite efforts to lower tariffs.
Executive Order 62?
Issued in June 2024, this order reduced tariff rates on rice from 35% to 15% in an effort to stabilize prices.
Europe and Central Asia?
Markets in Kyrgyzstan are beginning to stabilize after a significant rise in meat prices.
Causes of Price Increase in Central Asia?
- Export Increase: Sellers indicate that an increase in exports has led to a shortage in the domestic market,
contributing to the rise in prices.
Latin America and Caribbean?
-High Price Warning for bread in Argentina as of September 12, 2024.
Contributing Factors in latin america
- Tight Wheat Supplies, High Costs
– the artificial manipulation of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism or population.
Genetic Engineering
– It was first accomplished by Herbert ____ & _____ in 1973 by discovering a method to coax bacteria into producing foreign proteins?
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
– Combines DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations?
Recombinant DNA Technology
Process of recombinant DNA?
1. Isolate Desired Gene
2. Insert the desired gene into a vector
3. Introduce into Host Cell
4. The host cell replicates and expresses the recombinant DNA.
Term for an organism created through genetic engineering?
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
Former overseas Filipino worker in Singapore, now turned farmer.
Rosalie Ellasus
Was introduced to Bt Corn and Volunteered for demo-testing of Bt Corn in her field?
Rosalie Ellasus
genetically modified plants to resist certain pest?
Pest resistance
Also known as Transgenic corn?
Bt Corn
Modified to produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)?
Bt Corn
Produces Cry proteins that selectively target and kill specific insect species?
Bacillus thuringiensis
The proteins from Bt are toxic to corn borers?
Bacillus thuringiensis
genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses?
Virus Resistance
also known as Rainbow Papaya?
GM Papaya
In the mid-1990s, Hawaiian papaya farmers faced threats from?
papaya ringspot virus (PRSV).
A genetic sequence from the PRSV was inserted into the papaya genome and this modification produced 100% virus-resistant plants, analogous to vaccination in humans?
GM Papaya
Genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
Herbicide tolerance
engineered to withstand the herbicide glyphosate?
Roundup Ready Soybeans (RR Soybeans)
Also known as "Glyphosate tolerant" soybeans?
Roundup Ready Soybeans (RR Soybeans)
First planted commercially in 1996?
Roundup Ready Soybeans (RR Soybeans)
Farmers can spray the entire crop with glyphosate, effectively killing only the weeds while leaving the soybeans unharmed?
Roundup Ready Soybeans (RR Soybeans)
- GM plants fortified with certain minerals?
Fortification
rice designed to combat vitamin A deficiency?
Golden Rice (Malusog Rice)
Contains beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to fortify rice grains with vitamin A?
Golden Rice (Malusog Rice)
Developed to address vitamin A deficiency, a significant health issue in many countries, including Philippines?
Golden Rice (Malusog Rice)
GM plants to resist natural discoloration?
Cosmetic preservation
Designed to resist natural discoloration?
Arctic Apple
GM to surpass the browning of the apple due to superficial damage?
Arctic Apple
GMO with higher yield than normal species?
AquAdvantage Salmon
Designed to grow faster than conventional salmon?
AquAdvantage Salmon
AquAdvantage Salmon incorporates a growth hormone gene from ____ and a promoter from ocean pout?
Chinook salmon
Bacterial genes were added to enhance the production of vinblastine?
Periwinkle plants
Vinblastine is utilized in?
cancer treatments, including for Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Genetically engineered insulin for insulin-dependent Type I diabetes patients?
Humulin
- Gene for insulin was inserted into _____ enabling ____ to produce human insulin?
Bacterial DNA, This allowed for the mass production of insulin.
In 1996, a modified form of human insulin, known as ___ was approved?
Humalog
Ecosystem Risks of GMO?
- genetically modified organisms can become invasive species if uncontrolled and unregulated.
Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems?
True, GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new forms of pest resistance
GMO herbicide tolerant crops may lead to?
overuse of herbicides which may trigger new forms of weed resistance.
GM bacteria and viruses may?
mutate to become more resistant and virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings.
Gmos may cause adverse effects on human health?
It may cause toxicity to humans, allergic reactions, and other unintended effects.
1. Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)?
– created by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- Function: An intergovernmental body responsible for developing the International Food Code.
- Focus on GMOs:
2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?
- an international environmental treaty that regulates the transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs).
Start of GMO Concerns Began in?
the 1990s.
Created through Executive Order No. 430 in 1990?
National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NBCP)
Milestone: In 2002?
- the Philippines became the first Asian country to approve the cultivation of GMOs, specifically genetically modified corn.
Current Regulation (2023)?
- Approved GMO crops include Bt eggplant, Bt corn, and Golden Rice all considered safe for human consumption.
What is Vaccination?
- Definition: A simple, safe, and effective method of protecting against harmful diseases.
Mechanism of vaccines?
- Utilizes the body's natural defenses to build resistance to specific infection and makes your immune system stronger, Strengthens the immune system by training it to create antibodies.
Vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs, ensuring it does not cause the disease or risk complications?
True
First Vaccine?
- Introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796
He used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to protect against smallpox?
True
Coined the term "vaccination" from the Latin word “vacca”, meaning cow?
Edward Jenner
published in 1798 faced ridicule and repulsion initially?
Edward Jenner
How Do Vaccines Work?
- Imitation of Infection: Vaccines mimic an infection to engage the body's defenses.
- Defense Learning: Helps the body learn to defend itself from diseases without risking a full-blown infection.
- Recommendation: Everyone should receive all recommended vaccines at the recommended times.
Why do scientists develop vaccines?
- Scientists develop vaccines to prevent diseases and protect public health by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria.
Infection that most often attacks the lungs, but in infants and young children, affects organs like brain?
Tuberculosis (TB)
Virus is a dangerous liver infection that, when caught as an infant, often shows no symptoms for decades?
Hepatitis B
Virus that paralyzes 1 in 200 people who get infected?
Polio
What are stem cells?
– are a special type of cells in which they are able to make more cells like themselves, they self-renew and
they can become other cells that do different things in a process known as differentiation.
–found in almost all tissues of the body.
They are needed for the maintenance of tissue as well as for repair after injury?
Stem Cells
Embryonic stem?
– cells are the most versatile since they can develop into all the cells of the developing fetus.
Why is there such an interest in stem cells?
Researchers are studying them to see if it can help to:
– Increase understanding of how diseases occur.
– Generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease (regenerative medicine).
– Stem cells are being studied to treat type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, heart failure & other conditions.
– Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.
Found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat?
Adult stem cells
Stem cells in amniotic fluid as well as umbilical cord blood. These stem cells can change into specialized cells?
Perinatal stem cells
Why is there controversy about using embryonic stem cells?
– Because human embryonic stem cells are taken from human embryos, several questions have been
raised about the ethics of embryonic stem cell research.
Why can't researchers use adult stem cells instead?
– Adult stem cells may not be able to be manipulated to produce all cell types, which limits how adult stem
cells can be used to treat diseases.
What are stem cell lines, and why do researchers want to use them?
– a group of cells that all descend from a single original stem cell and are grown in a lab.
– they remain free of genetic defects and continue to create more stem cells
What is stem cell therapy (regenerative medicine), and how does it work?
– also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured
tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
– Is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems?
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
languages for AI?
Python, R, Java, C++ and Julia are all popular languages among AI developers.
How does AI work?
- work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing that data for correlations and patterns,
and using these patterns to make predictions about future states.
For RESEARCH: For WRITING?
- ChatGPT - Jasper
- Perlexity - Writesonic
- Bing Chat - Hemingway
For IMAGE: For WEBSITE?
- Leap AI - 10Web
- Segmind - Style AI
- Midjourney - Durable
For COPYWRITING: For VIDEO?
- Rytr - Klap
- AdCopy - Eightify
- Copy AI - InVideo
Why is AI important?
- for its potential to change how we live, work and play.
ADVANTAGES OF AI?
1. Excellence in detail-oriented jobs.
2. Time savings and productivity gains.
2. Time savings and productivity gains.
DISADVANTAGES OF AI?
1. Talent gap.
2. High costs.
3. Job displacement.
AI can also in medical?
– AI-powered software can analyze CT scans and alert neurologists to suspected strokes.
– often claimed to be the next great “revolution” in S&T one that will transform both nature’s basic building blocks—atoms and molecules?
NANOTECHNOLOGY
– Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about?
1 to 100 nanometers
Started the ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”?
Richard Feynman
coined the term“nanotechnology”.
Norio Taniguchi
Study of what happens when things get very, very small – only a few atoms in size. It refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers?
Nanotechnology
a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination?
Electron microscope
In 1930, ___ and ___ built the first electron microscope?
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
A type of high resolution scanning probe microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer?
Atomic Force Microscope
Atomic Force Microscope was pioneered in 1986 by?
Gerd Binnig along with Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber
an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level?
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Scanning Tunneling Microscope development in 1981 earned its inventors?
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich)
What can nanotech do?
● Materials' characteristics, such as their color, strength, conductivity and reactivity, can differ substantially between the nanoscale and the macro.
● Having the potential to increase the efficiency of energy consumption, help clean the environment, and solve major health problems.
● Products of nanotechnology will be smaller, cheaper, lighter yet more functional and require less energy
Carbon 'nanotubes' are 100 times stronger than steel but six times lighter?
True
Advantages of nanotech?
– Offers the potential for new and faster kinds of computers
– More efficient power sources and life-saving medical treatments.
Disadvantages of nanotech?
– Economic disruption.
– Possible threats to security, privacy, health, and the environment.
