PORTAGE A&P 1

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level.

Integumentary system/skin

muscular

Nervous

5. gastrointestinal system

• process of synthesis, building- my answer 
• 6. making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones
• portage answer

7. Break down of complex cellular structures into simpler ones- portage answer 



catabolism- process of breaking things down into small component, deconstruct. - my answer

digestive, respiratory and urinary

the endocrine system

Epithelium

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport system. 

• note-
• step 1- Glycolysis
• Step 2 citric Acid Cycle
• Step 3 electron transport system
• product of this process generate 38 ATP from one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes

powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away.

epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions

see module 1 diagrams on portage please

superficial/ external

Deep/Internal

intermediate

medial

inferior/caudal

superior

Superior or cranial

distal

the elbow is proximal to the hand

Dorsal (posterior)

(bending) flexion

EXTENSION

Supination

29. Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position

elevation- upward movement of a structure

depression- downward movement of a structure

Retraction- movement in the posterior direction

Protraction- movement in the anterior direction

Axial

Sagittal plane

sagittal plane- vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Superior and Inferior

Oblique 

Oblique sections are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial

Spinal

Coronal

43.Thoracic and abdominopelvic

pericardial

Serosa 

serous membrane- covers the outer surfaces of the organs and body  cavities. it a double layered membrane

pleurisy- inflammation of the pleurae 

When the serous membranes are inflamed, they become rough instead of smooth, and the organs will now stick together as they try to slide past one another. This causes great pain

• right upper quadrant
• left upper quadrant
• right lower quadrant
• left lower quadrant

48. umbilical region

• iliac
• hypogastric region aka the right and left iliac

Oral

Orbital

synovial fluid

• middle ear cavities contains tiny ear bones called:
• malleus
• incus
• stapes

54. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.

• 1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope.
• 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”).
• 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Nucleus - contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.

Ribosomes - tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.

Smooth ER -synthesizes lipids.

modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface

take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis

dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism.

Golgi complex - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.

possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules.

convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP

Plasma membrane - contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place

Microtubules are hollow and anchored to the MTOC; microfilaments are solid and create movement.

extracellular matrix contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells.

• 57. converting the chemical energy found in food into ATP. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell. This process is called aerobic cellular respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food in the form of glucose 
• 7.Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.

One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.

• 1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope.
• 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”).
• 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.

active transport- particles moving across the cell membrane. molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to one of greater concentration (against the concentration gradient)

when a biomacromolecule outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell membrane, forming a vesicle inside the cell (endo- refers to “bringing in”). Endocytosis includes three specialized transportation methods: 1) phagocytosis, 2) pinocytosis, and 3) receptor-mediated endocytosis). see figure 1.56

proteins- are embedded within the cell membrane, they move around the within the cell  membrane and their are different types (integral and transport)

isotonic- having an equal amount of solute on either side of a membrane.

hypertonic- cell will lose water and shrink in size. the hypertonic solution contains more solute particles than the cell and, has a lower  water concentration

hypotonic- solute particles outside of a cell are of lesser concentration than inside the cell. causes the water to move inward

cholesterol- some membranes contain cholesterol to stabilize the cell from varying temperatures (hot and cold). hydrophobic, single polar hydroxyl group

the unique arrangement of lipids and proteins in each face is responsible for the selective permeability of the membrane, allowing certain materials to pass in only one direction—nutrients move into the cell and wastes move out of the cell 

Not sure if this is the right answer

fluid-mosaic model (Figure 1.52) of membrane structure was introduced, which proposes that the membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded, like tiles in a mosaic picture. This mosaic pattern is not static because the positions of the proteins and phospholipids are "fluid" and can move around within the membrane. The figure below shows the structure of the cell membrane. positions of phospholipids are fluid, 

peripheral protein found on inner surface or just on the outer surface (do not come all the way through

integral proteins go through the entire membrane can weave through it too

Active transport occurs when molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to one of greater concentration (against the concentration gradient). Because the molecules do not naturally want to move in this direction, both carrier proteins and additional energy are required. One example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump (Figure 1.55), which maintains an electrical imbalance across the membrane. This pump is extremely important in cell life. Ions, because of their polar nature, require carrier proteins to cross the membrane. 

• This is a google/AI answer 
• Proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) primarily function as structural components, providing a scaffold for tissue architecture, anchoring cells, and regulating cellular behavior by acting as ligands for cell surface receptors, thereby influencing cell signaling, differentiation, migration, and adhesion; key ECM proteins include collagen (for strength), elastin (for elasticity), fibronectin, and laminin, which all interact with cells through specific receptors like integrin

if solute cannot dissolve in lipids, integral proteins are used to pass through the membrane

polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, because of their extremely large size, cannot be transported across cell membranes by carrier proteins and require special transport methods.