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citation form
when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item
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connected speech
results from joining two or more works together in the creation of an utterance
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coarticulation
the overlapping of the articulators during speech production
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assimilation
when phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds
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regressive assimilation
when the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it
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progressive assimilation
when a phoneme's identity changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it in time
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elision
omission of a phoneme during speech production
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epenthesis
the addition of a phoneme to the production of a word
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metathesis
the transportation of sounds in a word
- aminal instead of animal
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vowel reduction
- when the full sound/ weight of a vowel is not fully pronounced when saying a word
- - the full weight of a vowel becomes more like the model-central vowel when spoken in connected speech
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suprasegmental aspects of speech
- include stress, timing, and intonation
- - go beyond/transcend the boundaries of the individual speech sound segment or phoneme
- * what makes sentences and words sound the way they do
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sentence stress
when certain words in a sentence have more stress than others
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content words
- words that contain important information in a sentence
- ex: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
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function words
- less important words in a sentence
- ex: pronouns, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions
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contrastive stress
when a certain word in a sentence in emphasized to highlight its difference from the other words
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intonation
modification of voice pitch that cues the listener in on the kind of sentence being spoken
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falling intonational phrases
- when the voice pitch falls during the length of a statement
- - often demonstrates the completeness and finality of a statement
- ex: It's time to go. What's your favorite color?
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rising intonational phrases
- when voice pitch rises during the length of the statement
- - often demonstrates uncertainty or incomplete thoughts
- ex: Is it time yet? His name is Rick, right?
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tempo
- the overall rate of speech
- - durational aspect of speehc
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juncture
the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech
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external juncture
a pause that connects two intonational phrases
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open internal juncture
a pause between syllables
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close internal juncture
no pause between syllables
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