contemporary 1

______________ defined globalization as "the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space"

Defined globalization through scapes/dimensions

What are the scapes/dimensions of globalization according to Arjun Appadurai?

Elements of globalization

Drivers of globalization

Forces of globalization

Since the ______’s there is a great enhancement of telecommunications and information technology. This has caused remarkable improvements and increase in economic act.

M. Porter’s approach to globalization

4 determinants of M. Porter's National Competitive Advantage

3 groups of globalization critics

(Group of Critics) Disputes the usefulness of globalization as a sufficiently precise analytical concept

(Group of Critics) Emphasizes the limited nature of current globalizing processes, emphasizing that the world is not nearly as integrated as many globalization proponents believe; In their view, globalization does not constitute an accurate label for the actual state of affairs

(Group of Critics) Disputes the novelty of the process while acknowledging the existence of moderate globalizing tendencies. They argue that those who refer to globalization as a recent process miss the bigger picture and fall prey to their narrow historical framework.

The _______________________ regards “economic globalization” as a historical process representing the result of human innovation and technological progress

The oldest known international trade route was the _____________, a network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the Middle East and to Europe.

The __________ opened this trade (Silk Road/One belt) until 1453 BCE when the Ottoman empire closed it.

The Silk Road was an international trading system but it wasn’t _________ because it had no ocean routes that could reach the American continent.

Suggested that full globalization started when all populated continents began to exchange products continuously both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading partners.

When was the galleon trade established?

The galleon trade connected ___________ and ____________.

The galleon trade was part of the age of ____________

(History of Mercantilism as a governing economic order) Controlled by regimes, mostly _________, which impose ________, forbode colonies to trade with other nations

(History of Mercantilism as a governing economic order) Believed that the nation’s wealth and power were best served by increasing _______ than ________ while colonies provide the raw materials.

In _______, the U.K, U.S, and some European countries adapted the gold standard at an international monetary conference in Paris. Its goal is to create a system for more efficient trading.

Used gold as basis for currency prices and exchange rate

During WW1, countries depleted their gold reserves to fund their armies. Following WW1 is the time of the ___________ during the 1920s-1930s.

Recovery of United States began when they abandoned the gold standard

After two world wars leaders sought to create a global system that would ensure peace. The ______________ was inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nation Monetary and Financial Conference.

BWS was largely influenced by the ideas of British economist _______________ who believed that economic crises occur not when a country does have enough money, but when is not being spent and, thereby, not moving.

Keynes developed his theories in response to the ________________ and opposing the classic theories

Central belief of Keynesian economics

Focuses on economic policy to manage aggregate demand to prevent or address recession

Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create two financial institutions:

Funding postwar reconstruction projects

Global lender of last resort

The height of Keynesianism are the years __________

Governments pored money into their economies- allowing people to purchase more goods. Demand for these products increased.

In response to the decision of the United States and other countries resupplying Israeli military with needed arms during the Kippur war.

The oil embargo and stock market crash of _____ caused __________ (decline in economic growth (stagnation) and sharp increase in prices (inflation).

the economic decline of the 70s was ushered because of governments poring money on their economies and caused inflation by increasing the demand for goods but not the supply; government intervention distorted the market function

Countries pushed for minimal government spending to reduce government debt.

Countries pushed for minimal government spending to reduce government debt. This ushered _______________.

Known advocates of the Washington Consensus

Scholars look at political, military, and other engagements between two or more countries are studying ____________

Interactions between states, trade, political, military, and other diplomatic engagements

When scholars explore the deepening of interactions between states, they refer to the phenomenon of ______________

a phenomenon that explains the deepening of interactions with states

THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation

refers to a country and its government

The legitimacy of a nation-state’s rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to _______________.

4 Attributes of State

Sovereignty refers to internal and external authority. 

__________ – no individuals or groups can operate in a given territory by ignoring the state

__________ – sovereignty means that state policies and procedures  are independent of the interventions of other states

A nation is an "imagined community" according to ______________

Imagined but does not mean made up, a ______ allows one to feel a connection with community even people they will never meet in their lifetime

Origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty can traced back to the ____________

Agreement signed in 1648 to end the thirty years’ war between the major continental power of Europe. Treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs.

The Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of Europe, until it faced its first major challenge by _____________. Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, and fraternity—to the rest of Europe.

______________ was an alliance of “great powers”—the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia—that sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Countries making up the alliance of "great powers"

_______________ also known as the Congress system, was a series of meetings called among the great powers of Europe to discuss problems and attempt to resolve issues without violence.

The Metternich System was derived from the Austrian diplomat _____________

Despite the challenge of the Napoleon Wars to the Westphalian system and the collapse of the Concert of Europe after the World War I. Today, international systems follow the traces of these historical events; 1. States are considered __________ and ___________ ways to violently impose systems of government in their countries are frowned upon. Moreover, like the Concert System, “great powers” still hold significant influence over world politics.

a system of heightened interaction between various states, with the goal of greater cooperation and unity among states

2 broad categories of Internationalism

-Believes that if people living together require government to prevent lawlessness, the same principle should be applied to all states.

-States, like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and “establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which ultimately include the nations of the world.

-He imagined a form of global government

British Philosopher who coined the term “international” in the 1780s; 
Advocated for the creation of an “international law” that would govern interstate relations

Loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to nation or nation-state such obligations outweigh other individual group interest.

Italian patriot who advocated for unification of Italian-speaking mini-states; Considered to be both internationalist and nationalist. Believes that unified nation-states should be basis for international cooperation

- U.S.A President who was influenced by Mazzini

- Saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism

- Forwarded the concept of determination- world’s nations have the right to a free and sovereign government

- Advocated for the creation of the League of Nations, which he pushed to transform to become a venue for conciliation and arbitration.

The League of Nations came to being but the U.S was not able to join, barred by its senate. Despite its failures it was able to give birth to more specific International Organizations such as the __________________ and _________________.

People under liberal internatonalism

One of Mazini’s critics. Was an internationalist but differed Mazini in some aspects

His goal was the unification of workers around the world

True Internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones.

Died in 1883

Karl Marx' followers established the _______________, which is a union of European Socialists and labor parties established in Paris, 1889.

Socialist International (SI), although short-lived they were able to establish _______________________, ______________, and campaigned for ______________, among others.

The SI collapsed; After overthrowing Czar Nicholas II.

The Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin established the _________________________

Established COMINTERN (Communist International)

Comintern was dissolved after the allied forces doubted the USSR’s help to fight _______.

For the post-war period, ___________ internationalism became ascendant.

_____________ comes out of the structural-functional viewpoint, as it frames inequality as a function of industrial and cultural differences between nations. According to this, low-income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization.

According to modernization theory, low-income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization and can improve their global economic standing through (Armer and Katsillis 2010):

_____________ coincides with the conflict viewpoint, as it focuses on ways that poor nations have been wronged by rich nations. It was created in part as a response to the Western-centric mindset of modernization theory. It states that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or high-income nations) exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations (or middle-income and low-income nations), which creates a cycle of dependence (Hendricks 2010).

___________________ posits that there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.

developed World Systems Theory

World Systems Theory's three-level hierarchy

(World Systems Theory)

_____________ are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.

___________ are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry.

_____________ share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.

________________ refers to the various intersecting processes that create this order. The are many sources of this; states sign treaties and form organizations—in the process legislating public international law. International non-governmental organizations (NGO), though not having formal state power, can lobby individual states to behave in a certain way.

There is a semblance of world order despite the lack of one single government.

________________ imagined a possibility of “global governance”

The term _________________ is commonly used to refer to international intergovernmental organizations or groups that are primarily made up of member-states.

In the ____________, many scholars believed that IOs were just venues where the contradicting, but sometimes intersecting, agendas of countries were discussed—no more than talk shops.

listed the powers of International Organizations (IOs)

powers of IOs

After the collapse of the League of Nations at the end of World War II, countries that worried about another global war began to push for the formation of more lasting league—the ____________.

The UN is divided into five active organs:

(Organ of UN) UN’s “main deliberative policymaking and representative organ”

The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat ______________ was elected GA president from 1949-1950

Though the GA is the most representative organizations in the UN, many commentators consider the ______________ to be the most powerful.

Permanent 5 (P5)

(Organ of UN) takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or a act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle the act by peaceful means and recommend methods of adjustment or terms of settlement; heir to the tradition of “great powers “diplomacy that began with the Metternich/Concert of Europe System

(Organ of UN) It is the principal body of coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations, on social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals

(Organ of UN) Its task is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies

(International Court of Justice) In the later 1960s, the diplomat ____________ and other Filipinos helped design the system whereby any citizen of any state may petition the UN to look into human rights in a country

(Organ of UN) consists of the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the organization’s other principal organs

The biggest challenge of the United Nations to encounter is related to the issues of _______.

Often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, which actually encompasses a broader area; Could also be examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, and ecological sustainability, and health; As a process it should be treated as an emergent and socially constituted phenomenon

According to __________, 1996, 

Regionalism is emerging today as a potent force in the process of globalization. If globalization is regarded as the compression of the temporal and spatial aspects of social relations then regionalism.

Focuses on regional concentration floes

Refers to the economic and political process by economic policy, cooperation, and coordination among countries.

WHY DO COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS?

The widely known defense grouping is the _______________ which was formed during the cold war when several western European countries and the United States agreed to protect Europe from the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the __________, consisting of Eastern European countries under Soviet domination.

Established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate production and sale of oil

_____________________ is composed of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia

It is not only state that agree to work together in the name of a single cause, communities also engage in regional organizing.

-refers to the proneness of the governments of two or more states to establish voluntary associations and to pool together resources (material and nonmaterial) in order to create common functional and institutional arrangements

-a process occurring in a given geographical region by which different types of actors (states, regional institutions, societal organizations and other nonstate actors) come to share certain fundamental values and norms

The concept of gap between the global North and South in terms of development and wealth.

Developed as a way of showing the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations.

Richer countries are located in the_________ Hemisphere with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. Poorer countries are mostly located________ and ____ Hemisphere.

The south has long been home for the majority of the global population. Its fraction of the global population is rising as fertility rates have declined, reflecting this the south is now sometimes called the _________________.