World Politics Midterm

• Uses the state as the basic unit of analysis.
• Structure: Anarchy. Sees int'l society as existing in a state of anarchy (absence of any sovereign authority); everyone out for themselves.
• Leads to security dilemma; world government neither possible nor desireable. 
• War as the ultimate way to reshuffle power in int'l sphere.
• 3rd image.

• Structure of IR: Society. Rules & institutions.
• Different strands, but common themes of: private property, individual freedom, equal opportunity, political participation. 
• Doyle identifies 3 strands: Liberal Pacifism, Liberal Imperialism, Liberal Internationalism.
• Int'l system in state of anarchy, but don't need formal govt; can have int'l society.
• 2nd image.

Machiavelli, Hobbes, Weber, Kissinger, Morgenthau, Waltz

Locke, Kant, Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt, Adam Smith, Doyle, Grotius

• Sees global capitalist system as driving force for int'l relations. Class hierarchy.
• Core: smallest #, highest (military) power & consumption of natural resources.
• Semi-periphery: "waiting room," those coming in/out of core. 
• Periphery: highest numbers, least power. "Third world, Global South"
• 2nd image. 

Hobson, Marx, Engels, Lenin, Gunder Frank, Wallerstein

• Sees structure as driving force for IR. 
• Power of ideas --> perceptions --> structures --> possibilities
• People act based on meanings to them; concept of self vs others
• Structures constrain what's (im)possible

Ruggie, Wendt, Barnett, Finnemore, Katzenstein, Sikkink

State & Nonstate actors that operate at levels transcending State boundaries

A group, entity, institution that holds a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

Absence of any sovereign* authority (*having a monopoly on the legitimate use of force)

Realist view of int'l relations which exist in state of anarchy: when state A gains some kind of advantage, state B moves to protect itself, leaving state C feeling insecure. All states are constantly under threat

A state of armed conflict between different nations, states, or armed groups

Liberal idea. A group of states with common values & interests who form a "society," share in common institutions.

• Human Nature. 
• Biological: Darwinian "survival of the fittest." We have evolved to be aggressive.
• Psychological: Humans have two drives, erotic (protective) and fighting/killing (destructive); both are important for human survival. Humans lack an appeasement mechanism (refraining from fighting to the death). 
• Flaw: in explaining everything, it explains nothing

States' political regimes are the cause of wars.

• Kant's "Democratic Peace"
• Lenin's "Proletarian Peace"

when citizens' consent is required for war, there is less war; citizens understand the human cost. Therefore, spreading democracy will reduce war. (only applies between 2 liberal-democratic states)

War is acceptable when it's civil war (oppressed vs. oppressors). Int'l war is barbarous and brutal. However, no end to war without end to class. Spread of Marxism will awaken consciousness of harmonious existence with others and reduce war.

• (as a state of nature.) 
• Rousseau: nature is peaceful until the invention of "property," leading to the fall of man. Then the State is created to protect self, loved ones and property; all rights (except to live) are handed over to the state in service of this. On the interstate level: back to state of nature. 

Stress the importance of an interstate civil society. Realists don't believe in this. Kant's Liberal Internationalism: more republicanism, more peace via federation.

When a state has more power than the rest of the states combined.

Gilpin's theory inspired by Thucydides: the uneven growth of power among states is the driving force of IR.

• 3 theses: 
• 1) the IS is dominated by a hegemonic power for long periods of time, who acts as the policeman, offers stability and peace; this is beneficial for everyone involved.
• 2) the int'l system is dynamic, power of a hegemon constantly under threat; hegemony starts to decline as soon as it rises.
• 3) change happens in a dialectical process; (thesis - antithesis - synthesis) power shifts through systemic war.

• Realists: Adds nuance to classical realism by acknowledging that states, even great powers, are not equal in power capabilities; adds theory of change.
• Liberals: helps to explain long periods of peace and stability; adds reasoning for the structure of int'l networks. 
• Marxists: Explains who's in the core and how leadership among core states shifts. 
• Constructivists: Explains how certain int'l norms are prioritized, established, enforced over others. (aligned with hegemon)

Former Athenian general who wanted to understand the causes of the many wars faced by Athens. His work is cited to create Gilpin's Hegemonic War Theory.

6th & 5th Century BCE alliance of Peloponnesian city-states led by Sparta (hegemon). (not included: Athens & other city-states)

Wars waged by Persia against Greece; Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, became the Hellenic League, including Athens and other city-states. During these wars, Athens was burnt to the ground and built "The Long Wall," triggering a security dilemma with Sparta, especially due to Athens' naval capabilities. After the wars, Peloponnesian League returned, and Athens, + other city-states, created Delian League, opposed to Peloponnesian League.

Athens + other city-states who were opposed to Sparta's rule as the hegemon. After Persian Wars, faces conflicts in its periphery; a "loser" in a conflict mediated by Athens turns to Sparta for recourse, triggering a significant war between Athens and Sparta. Sparta issues ultimatum to Athens to accept hegemonic rule; Athens refuses. Pericles: populist appealing to Athenian people, only the weaker party will consider an ultimatum; later delivers famous funeral oration. Athens declines, loses to Sparta, with a higher cost than the Persian Wars.

Athens approaches Milo, a neutral territory; threatens its people to become allies or else be killed and enslaved. Milo appeals to Athens' moral conscience, fair play, justice; Athens has realist POV re: ethics in IR: "the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept"


Milo declined, and Athens defeated them

Economic theory that sees sum total of wealth in the world as a fixed amount, and a nation's prosperity as dependent on its capital. Wealth = stock of bullion & tradable goods. Maximizing exports, minimizing imports. Leads to monopolistic commercial enterprises.

Liberal who argued for free trade based on comparative advantage in the int'l economy. Key to the demise of mercantilist thought in Britain & France. Opposed monopolies, like the EIC, as limiting others' prosperity.

State policy, practice, or advocating for aggressive expansion of state powers into other territories, especially by direct territorial acquisition, or by gaining political and economic control of other areas.

British (ruled India, merchants became the government; British prospered with rise of company), & Dutch (world's first multinat'l corporation, huge force in Netherlands). Huge part of the 1st phase of Eur. expansion.

1648. Ended the 30 Years' War. The modern nation-state system was built in Europe to replace the empire-state system (via colonization) & Eur. relations were secularized. Territories were taken from the Holy Roman Empire and some states gained independence. Every nation should have its own State & be self-determining ("state sovereignty"). 

(In)direct political administration of colonies; large-scale (little) Eur. emigration & settlement; little (pronounced) ideological justification (& criticisms)

• 2nd image. Uses a Marxist lens.
• Imperialism being due to capitalist expansion (new markets, materials, monopolies) doesn't explain new British imperialism in the tropics -- a major imperialist power.
• Finance Capitalists: people who deal in private equity; no stores, employees, etc, who make money off of their investments; build roads, banks, mines; have a close relationship with their government, whom they lend money to for imperialist ventures. Don't have to be concerned about repercussions: money can be taken out of a market anytime. 
• Hobson: finance capitalists "provide the concentration and clear-cut calculation ... needed to set imperialism to work"

• 2nd image.
• Lenin says imperialism (dominance of monopolies and finance capital) is the logical endpoint of capitalism. Now that global territories have been divvied up by major world powers, "imperialism has come home."

• The world reverts to protectionist strategies: limiting trade, imposing tariffs. 
• Finance capitalists invest in weapons; manufacturers go along with this against their own interests (violence, insecurity is bad for trade).

Imperialism is an atavism: an outmoded way of thinking/doing based on an old need to mold people/classes into warriors. New Imperialism comes on the heels of creation of a new German empire; Schumpeter points the finger at the Junkers (aristocracy) of Germany. 

• 2nd image: human nature, but persists due to political regimes.
• Liberal paradigm.

• 3rd image. 
• (1) There was no real break between "old" and "new" imperialism, just a change from informal to formal rule. 
• The scramble for Africa & Asia was due to 
• (2) strategic rivalries in the Eur. core and
• (3) uprisings in the periphery.

assertion by a group that they’re different due to a common characteristic & are entitled to self-determination in own territory

Realist paradigm applied to foreign policy: pursuit, possession, application of power in the pursuit of national self-interest (lie, cheat, steal)

Pushed by Otto von Bismarck (1815-98), PM of Prussia, head of N. German Confederation, 1st PM of Germany. Bismarck took lead on diplomacy via COE.

(1814-15) Creation of Concert of Europe -- "never again another Napoleon" -- Prussia, Austria, Russia, Britain, France "restore" world order (& French monarchy) via formal mechanism to maintain global Balance Of Power (BOP).

mechanism to avoid another great (hegemonic) war in Europan IS. When one progresses in some way (military strength, economic strength, human capital, population, army, *navy,* industrialization) others progress proportionally

Great powers use 1 of 2 ends: 1) internal efforts (economy, military) & 2) external efforts (strengthen alliance & weaken others') to balance. 3+ players NOT needed: external can be balanced by internal.

Int'l system most stable with 2+ states relatively equal in power; instability with initiation of hegemony

• 1) Shifting alliances: no permanent alliances; members unite against other state(s)
• 2) limited wars: always give adversary a way out, avoid conflicts
• 3) compensation: if 1 gains, others receive things as well

• 1848: uprising in Paris, civil strife, nationalist revolutions across Eur, new leadership
• 1848: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected President of Second French Republic; 1851, declares himself Napoleon III
• 1854: Crimean War; Anglo-French force supports Ottomans in war with Russia; war fatigue in Britain

• 1864 War with Denmark: Danish & German nationalisms --> Schleswig-Holstein tensions. Bismarck & Austria "defend" Germans' rights in Schleswig from Danish, defeat Denmark; Austria & Prussia share spoils
• 1866 War with Austria: (Seven Weeks' War) Schleswig-Holstein dispute, Prussia defeats Austria, forms North German Confederation.
• 1870-71 War with France: Fighting over Spanish crown; Napoleon III (France) tries to block Prince Leopold (cousin of Prussian King); Napoleon harasses King of Prussia for assurance of "never again," everyone offended; Bismarck, Iron Chancellor, uses Prussian forces to defeat France
• -- Birth of Germany; humiliates France

Austrian, conservative, Leadership @ COE, delayed unification of Germany, European revolutions of 1848 --> resignation & fled. COE died with him

• 1st image: Victoria's Children. Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany): erratic, insecure, hostile & jealous toward family members also in power in Eur especially Britain. 
• 2nd image: Belligerent Nationalism.
• * French-German hostility (Alsace & Lorraine; Fr liberal democracy vs German Kaiser Wilhelm autocrat; rising militarism in both states)
• * Policy-making --> military class: Cult of the offensive (Schlieffen Plan, French Plan XVII/17)
• 3rd image: The COE Destroyed.
• * Multipolar BOP replaced w bipolar system of rival alliances: Triple Entente (Allies) vs Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
• * Hegemoic Rivalry: British fear of rising German power

• You initiate the attack.
• German: Schlieffen Plan. Fight France (bigger threat) first, from unexpected west side; violating Belgian nautrality (ultimatum/"deal with it"); UK defends Belgian neutrality via COE, expected swift victory but underestimated Belgian resistance.
• French: Plan XVII (17). Rush thru Arden Forest to Germany without crossing Belgium. Never executed; moved troops north to protect Paris when Germany invaded Belgium.

• Triple Entente (Allies): 1907. Britain, Russia, France. Borne of deep-rooted fear of Germany.
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers): 1882. Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary. (Italy replaced by Ottoman Turks)
• (France <--> Italy secret accord in 1902)

Kaiser of Germany after father's death; suffered trauma at birth, loss of function in one hand, crazy, impulsive, aggressive, maybe overcompensating.

1916 slogan "he kept us out of the war" America first, women's rights, racist; reelected 1916, U.S. was reluctant hegemon.

(6/28/1919) "sowing seeds of the next war". upset Germans giving territories back to others. Biggest offering: "thought experiment/dream": League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles installment (1920) end of empire except British, French. Int'l anarchy replacement. Invited everybody, not just republics. Introduced Collective Security

• Problems
• 1: Defection : all states have to be involved
• 2: "Free Rider" : costs of not participating in collective action have to be higher than costs of participating
• 3: Veto: no single state can be allowed to block the will of the majority

"Security arrangement where all members contribue to eaqch other's defense"

Introduced by Woodrow Wilson (liberal) via Treaty of Versaille's League of Nations. Departure from BOP & Hegemonic Power. 

Similar to today's U.N.

Hitler repeatedly violated TOV provisions to prevent German aggression; demands Suddatenland "for self-determination", no one stepped in (war fatigue), Hitler promised that's all he wanted, they gave it to him -- Churchill warned, "there is no appeasement of Hitler"

Example: Munich Agreement: Britain, France, Germany, Italy (1938) give Hitler Suddetenland.

• George Kennan : 1) don't seek conflict, 2) send clear message re: protect dem states, 3) treat Soviet problems like a disease, contain & prevent spread, 4) Russians driven by paranoia due to prior attacks
• 2 examples: 
• Berlin Blockade: (1948-9) Germans flowed from E->W , western pushback = Berlin Airlift, sent suppliest to East Berlin, not shot down
• Korean War: (1950-3)

Originated as "movement, "new way," "3rd pole" to challenge during Cold War. Challenges idea of "first world: western, liberal, capitaist; 2nd world: communist" bipolar system. Ideologically nonaligned: not capialism or communism at core; want independent course, maybe a blend; Global South

• (1955): creating a 3rd State/Global South. 5 men from Europe, Africa, Asia (India, Ghana, Egypt, Indonesia, Yugoslavia) China (Chou En-lai) arose as leader (wasn't at Bandung), expected India (Nehru)
• Objectives: 
• * Independence (esp. Africa)
• * Philosophy of economic cooperation; improving lives of their people

Nonaligned Movement (1961): Formally declared those objectives

Declaration of U.N. General Assembly (1945): doesn't ban colonization/imperialism but takes a stand against it; will assist with development of free political institutions

(1968): # of legitimate nuclear powers frozen @ first 5 (also permanent UN members), no new members accepted. Existing powers pledged conscientousness & to reduce nuclear arsenals.

(1950's): The U.S. would respond to any Soviet attack against it or allies, with nuclear weapons.

U.S. would respond to any Soviet attack according to nature of threat. Final step in escalation would be MAD. MAD = Mutually Assured Destruction. Targets civilians.

• McNamara: MAD achieved when either superpower could destroy 50% of enemy industry and 25% population. 
• For MAD to offer stable deterrence: both superpowers need second-strike capability and no missile defense.

Deterrence not credible under this framework.

(Reagan): NUTS (Nuclear Utilization Target Selection): views nuclear weapons as credible tactical weapons, effectively targeted and limited on enemy targets. NUTS + Missile Defense = most effective deterrence. Willing to share defensive technology with Soviets, never came together.

• (10/14/1962): American U-2 plane photographs Cuban missiles being loaded up. Oct 15: medium-long range missiles. Oct 16: Kennedy admin responds with blockade of Cuba. Oct 22: JFK threatens retalation. Oct 23: "Quarantine" of weapons. Oct 27: U-2 plane shot down over Cuba, U.S. prepares for full scale invasion. Oct 28: Khrushchev announces removal of weapons, JFK agrees not to invade.
• Did nuclear weapons prevent a war?