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Know the different types of deformation
Elastic, brittle, ductile
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Know what happens to rocks as a result of the three types of deformation.
- elastic - returns to original form
- brittle - breaks
- ductile - bends and folds
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know the three different types of stress
- reverse - compression - froces move closer together/increases thickness
- normal - tension - things moving in opposing direction/mass stretched and pulled
- strike slip - horizontal/shear
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Two types of folds
- Anticline - hills
- Syncline - valleys
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hanging wall/foot wall
hanging wall is where the head would be if you were standing in a tunnel and the foot wall is where your feet would be.
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three types of faults and stress associated with each
- reverse - compression
- normal - tension
- strike slip - horizontal -- shear
- footwall goes up - normal - FUN
- Hanging wall goes up - reverse - HUR
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two types of waves and how do they move through the earth
body waves and surface waves
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which is faster, p or s waves
p waves are faster/go through solid, liquid or gas and s waves go through solids only
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which waves are responsible for the most damage
surface waves do most damage
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what is an earthquake
energy released and radiates out in all directions
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what is focus and epicenter
focus is in the ground/point where the rock broke first; epicenter is on the earth's surface directly above the focus
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How is epicenter of earthquake located
the location of the epicenter ma be found by using the distances calculated in miles from three locations.
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results of earthquakes
liquefaction, feature displacement, landslides, tsumani, fires
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how do we know what is going on inside the earth
study of earthquakes
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4 different layers of the earth
crust - solid, mantle - plastic, outer coure - liquid, inner core - solid
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two types of crust
oceanic and continential
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which layer is largest/thinnest
mantle is the largest and crust is thinnest
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what is continental drift and what were the four evicences Alfred Wegner cited as proof
fossil evidence, shape of contineal shelves, correltation of mountains with nearly identical rocks and structures, glacial features of the same age restore to a tight polar distribution.
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was continental drift widely accepted
no -- no mechanism of motion
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what was one of the discoveries that support continental drift
echo sounding technology developed
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three different plate boundaries
- divergent - plates move apart
- convergent - move together
- transfor - slide past
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what are the evidences for each of the plate boundaries
what is the stress associated with each
- convergent: ocean/continental plate boundary - island arc volcanoes: New Zealand, Phillipines, Japan; tension: compression
- convergent: continential/continental - himmalayas; tension: compression
- transform - sliding past - san andreas fault
- divergent - sea floor spreading and mid ocean ridges; shear, constructive margins
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where do earthquakes occur
borders
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what information is used ot locate differen plates
location of earthquakes
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what is a mineral
naturally occuring (formed by natural, geogologic procese), inorganic (not alive), crystalline structure (atoms are arranged in orderly, repetitive pattern), solid (at temperatures experienced at the earth's surface), definite chemical composition that usually are made up of two or more elements.
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two top elements found in universe
hydrogen and helium
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three elements found in earth's crust
oxygen, silicone, aluminum
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how is periodic table set up
- set up by number of energy shells and atomic mass
- elements are organized so that those with similar properties line up in columns
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what is an atomic number and what does it mean and what is atomic mass
the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
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how to identify minerals
luster: glassy, waxy, dull; hardness; clevage vs fracture/90 degree angle; strea; color;
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know the location and charge of subatomic particles
protons and neurtons are in the nucleus. Electrons are in the energy shells. Protons are positive. Neutrons have no charge. Electrons are negative.
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understand the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number
the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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which of the 7 mineral groups is the most abundant
silicates
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which of the mineral groups are made of minerals containing only one element
native elements are comprised entirely of one element: diamond, gold, silver, graphite
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basic structure of the silicate group
four oxygen with silicate in center
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know some mineral examples and what they would be used for
- clay minerals to thinken milk shakes
- gypsum for plaster
- halite for salt
- sylvite for fertilizer
- calcite for cement
- silver/gold/platinum for jewelry
- ice for solid form of water
- copper for electrical conductor
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