_____________ occurs when bacteria or viruses travel on relatively large respiratory droplets that people sneeze, cough, drip, or exhale. They travel only short distances before settling, usually less than 3 feet.
Droplet transmission
The _____________ is the chain that is the easiest to break.
mode of transmission
ARE ALL INFECTIOUS AGENTS ALIVE?
No. Viruses are not alive.
At a basic level, viruses are proteins and genetic material that survive and replicate within their environment, inside another life form. In the absence of their host, viruses are unable to replicate and many are unable to survive for long in the extracellular environment. True or False?
True
______________ are the microorganisms that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease.
Normal flora
Stages of Infection
ExIPACoR
1. Exposure
2. Incubation or Latent
3. Prodromal
4. Acute Disease
5. Convalescence
6. Relapse
(What stage of infection?) stage of contact with the infectious agent
Exposure
(What stage of infection?) entry and multiplication of the organism in the body so as to manifest an actual illness
Incubation or Latent
(What stage of infection?) manifestation of vague signs and symptoms (e.g. Fever, cough, Pain)
Prodromal
(What stage of infection?) illness stage/appearance of pathognomonic signs
Acute Disease
(What stage of infection?) stage of resolution; homeostasis is maintained,
and infectious organism is under control
Convalescence
(What stage of infection?) reactivation of previous infection due to reexposure
Relapse
How do we determine the pathogen in an infection?
Laboratory (e.g. Culture & Sensitivity)
GENERAL MEASURES TO CONTROL COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
First Tier: STANDARD PRECAUTION
Second Tier: TRANSMISSION BASED PRECAUTION
Explain First Tier: STANDARD PRECAUTION
✓ Use of PPE (gloves, gown, mask, googles). Hand hygiene, needle stick injury prevention, etc.
✓ Applied to all patients regardless of clinical diagnosis
Explain Second tier: TRANSMISSION BASED PRECAUTION
a. Contact : Protection against direct and indirect transmission. Mask and gown are added.
b. Airborne: Use of airfilters (N95, AIIR)
c. Droplet: Maintaining a distance of 3 ft from the source of infection to avoid droplet nuclei; room windows are open & use of mask.
THE 3 LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
(Level of Prevention) Focuses on health promotion and disease prevention
Primary Prevention
(Level of Prevention) Focuses on the curative aspect of care. Effort is directed for early treatment. Move is also undertaken to avoid possible
complications.
Secondary Prevention
(Level of Prevention) Focuses on the rehabilitative aspect. Effort of helping the patient adjust with the limitations and disability brought about by the previous disease.
Tertiary Prevention
Specific Organisms with Health Care–Associated Infection Potential
Clostridium difficile
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Change infusion set every __________
3 days
Change IV line every ________
3 days
Blood line within __________ from start of infusion
(Generation of Cephalosporins) - very effective against Gram-positive bacteria. But they’re only somewhat effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
1st generation
(Generation of Cephalosporins) target some types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re less effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria than first-generation cephalosporins are.
2nd generation
(Generation of Cephalosporins) more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to both the first and second generations. They’re also more active against bacteria that may be resistant to previous generations of cephalosporins
3rd generation
(Generation of Cephalosporins) While effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it’s usually reserved for more severe infections.
4th generation
(Generation of Cephalosporins) This cephalosporin can be used to treat bacteria, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus species, that are resistant to penicillin antibiotics.