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what does a smaller negative delta H value represent
a more stable bond
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how does a more substituted bond change about the delta H value
it makes it lower, meaning it is more stable
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what is a diene
a molecule with two double bonds
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what is a conjugated diene
a single carbon buffered double bond aka C=C-C=C
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what is a cumulated diene
a nonbuffered double bond aka C=C=C
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what is a isolated diene
a buffered double bond with multiple carbons between them, C=C-C-C=C
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how does a conjugated double bond and a regular double compare for delta H
conjugated has a smaller delta H then the regular times 2.
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what are the stability of carbocations from less to most stable
methyl, primary, secondary and allylic, tertiary and sub-allylic, double sub-allylic
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what is the difference between a secondary carbocation and a allylic carbocation
allylic has the positive charge on a primary carbon attached to a double bond, while the secondary has it on the secondary carbon
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what is a sub-allylic
a double bond with the positive being on a primary carbon and both double bond carbon being secondary
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what is a double sub allylic
a double bond with the positive being on a primary carbon and both one carbon on the double bond being tertiary while the other is secondary
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what is the kinetic result of a addition product to conjugated dienes
the less stable product aka less substituted product
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what is the thermal result of a addition product to conjugated dienes
the more stable product aka more substituted product
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what temperature does the kinetic and thermal results of a addition product to conjugated dienes become the major product
kinetic at -80 Celsius, thermal at 40 Celsius
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what is the allyic position
a carbon attached to a double bonded carbon, C-C=C
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what is allylic bromination
reacting with NBS(Br2) and hv to replace one of the hydrogens on the allylic carbon with a bromine
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what is the diels alder reaction
reacting a diene with a dieneophile, the two are combined with two double bonds becoming single bonds and another double bond is moved to the leftmost spot on the diene
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what type of additon is the diels alder reaction
syn addition, keep things the same, all wedges, dashes, up, down, etc
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what if the diene in the diels alder reaction is already a full cyclic moleucle
the right most moeclule are moved up and the reaction continues with the dieneophile attaching to 1 and 4
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what is S-cis and S-trans for dienes
S-cis the two dienes form a ditch, S-trans, the dienes form a slope
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how does S-cis and S-trans effect diels alder
S-trans make it slower with molecules locked in it being unable to do diels alder, S-cis make it faster with those locked in S cis being faster
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what makes one S-cis molecule faster then another S-cis molecule in a diels alder reaction
if the cis formation has carbon close together, they are destabilized and slower, if they have a healthy distance, they are stabilized and faster
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during a diels alder reaction, what will a electron withdrawing group on a bicyclic molecule prefer
endo position aka the down position
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what will diels alder reaction with unsymmetrical reagents produce
a 1,4 product or a 1,2 product
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what is also put when you produce a 1,4 product with unsymmetrical reagents
racemic
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what is the diffrence betwen a 4+2 reaction and a 2+2 reaction
4+2 is thermally allowed while 2+2 is not, instead 2+2 is photochemically allowed through UV radiation
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what is a example of 2+2 reaction because of UV radiation
thymine-thymine reaction in DNA that causes errors in dna replication and cancer
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what increases λ max
conjugation, more alkyl groups, being s-cis
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what wavelengths can humans see
400 nm to 700 nm
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what colors makes up the wavelengths from high(700) to low(400)
roygbiv
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what do black objects do
reflect no wavelengths
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what do white objects do
reflect all wavelengths
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what are Aliphatic
saturated hydrocarbons, only carbon and oxygen with only single bonds
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what do we look at when determining aromatic
CCSP, (cyclic, conjugated, all sp2 or sp, planar), number of pi electrons
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how to determine if a molecule is planar
draw out hydrogens and determine if they overlap, if they don't overlap then it is planar
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when is a molecule aromatic
meets CCSP, has 4 times N + 2 pi electrons
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when is a molecule antiaromatic
meets CCSP, has 4 times N pi electrons
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what is pi electrons
2 per double bonds, nitrogen with lone pair and only single bonds,
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what does aromatic do to pKa
lowers it, making the molecule more acidic
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how does aromatic and antiaromatic effect sn1 reaction
aromatic udnergoes a fast sn1 reaction while antiaromatic undergoes a slow sn1 reaction
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when a molecule nonaromatic
fails CCSP
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when is a nitrogen basic
a nitrogen double bonded with lone pair in the aromatic ring, or a nitrogen single bonded with lone pair outside the
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what does greater number of fused rings cause
decreases resonance stability which increases reactivity
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what is diamond
allotropes of carbon that is all SP3 hybridized
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what is graphite
allotrope of carbon which is made of layer of graphine held togerther with dispersion forces that make it slick and is all sp2 hybridized
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what is a buckyball
a allotrope of carbon that is like a soccer ball, is nonaromatic and all sp2 hybridized
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 what is this
indole
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what is a benzene ring with a OH group
phenol
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what is a phenol
benzene ring with a OH group
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what is a toluene
benzene ring with a CH3 group on it
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what is a benzene ring with a CH3 group on it
toluene
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what is a aniline
benzene ring with a NH2 group on it
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what is a benzene ring with a NH2 group on it
aniline
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what is a anisole
a benzene ring with OCH3 on it
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what is a benzene ring with OCH3 on it
anisole
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what is a styrene
a benzene ring with CH=CH2
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what is a benzene ring with CH=CH2
styrene
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what is a acetophenone
benzene ring with C(CH3)=O
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what is a benzene ring with C(CH3)=O
acetophenone
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what is a benzaldehyde
benzene ring with C(H)=O
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what is a benzene ring with C(H)=O
benzaldehyde
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what is a benzoic acid
benzene ring with C(OH)=O
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what are the three types of distrubited benzene rings
1,2 or ortho, 1,3 or meta, 1,4 or para
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how do you name benzene rings
use one we know as a starter then add the substituents before it,
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what do you not use ortho, meta, or para with and what do you use
trisubstituted benzene, use the number they are at 1,2,5 etc
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what is a nitro substituent
NO2
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