Infection is a condition which the host interacts _____ and _____ with microorganisms.
physiologically
immunologically
A ____ occurs when another organism enters your body and caused disease.
infection
The organism that cause infections are very diverse and can include things like (4)
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
Infectious agents can include (5)
☍bacteria
☍fungi
☍viruses
☍rickettsiae -are a group of bacteria that are small, gram-negative, and obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they can only live and reproduce inside the cells of a host organism. They are typically transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of insects such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites.
☍protozoa
Infectious agent can be eradicated through...
rapid accurate identification of organisms
Reservoirs of infectious agents can include (3)
people
equipment
water
How can we prevent transmission of infectious agents to reservoir? (3)
1. People - We could promote employee health
2. Water - Promote environmental sanitation
3. Equipment - Make sure to disinfect or sanitize
What could be the portal of exit of microorganisms? (4)
Excretions
Secretions
Skin
Droplets
How do we solve transmission of microorganism from portals of exit? (3)
1.Hand hygiene
2.Control excretions and secretions
3.Trash and waste disposal
What are the means of transmission? (4)
Direct contact
Ingestion
Fomites -are inanimate objects or surfaces that can become contaminated with infectious agents (such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi) and act as a means of transmitting diseases. Ex.doorknob, handrails etc.
Airborne
What are ways in which we can reduce the means of transmission? (6)
1. Hand hygiene
2. Sterilization
3. Standard precaution
4. Airflow control
5. Proper food handling
6. Isolation
What are the possible portal of entry? (5)
Mucuos membrane
GI tract
GU tract
Respiratory tract
Broken skin
How to manage the portals of entry and reduce the risk of infection? (3)
Aseptic technique
Catheter care
Wound care
Who are the susceptible host? (5)
Immunosuppressed individuals
Diabetic
Those who had surgery
Burns
Elderly
How can we manage transmission to susceptible hosts? (2)
Treatment of underlying disease
Recognition of high-risk patients
Among all the categories in the chain of infection. Which can be mitigated easily?
E. Means of transmission
______ transmission occurs only when the infectious particle of <5 um, known as aerosols are propelled in the air.
airborne
How to prevent airborne transmission?
wear n95 respirators
isolation rooms should have negative pressure - This design ensures that air flows into the isolation room but cannot flow out.
______ transmission occurs when bacteria or viruses travel on relatively large respiratory droplets that people sneeze, cough, drip or exhale.
Droplet
Droplets travel ____ distance before setting. Usually ____ in distance.
short distance / less than 3 feet
The ____ is the chain that is the easiest to break.
mode of transmission
Are all infectious agents alive?Why?
No,because viruses are not alive. They might need a host to replicate. In the absence of a host, viruses are unable to survive for long in the extracellular environment.
Are microorganism that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease.
normal flora
Stage of infection where the host is in contact with the infectious agent.
Exposure
Stage of infection.
The entry and multiplication of the organism in the body so as to manifest an actual illness.
Incubation or Latent
Stage of infection.
Manifestation of vague signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, cough, pain)
Prodromal
Stage of infection.
Stage of resolution: homeostasis is maintained, and infectious organism is under control.
Convalescence
Stage of infection.
Reactivation of previous infection due to re-exposure.
Relapse
How to determine the pathogen?
Laboratory (e.g culture and sensitivity)
First tier general measure to control communicable disease.
STANDARD PRECAUTION
Standard precaution includes the ff measures like:
✔️ Use PPE, hand hygiene, needle stick injury prevention etc.
(This is applied to all patients regardless of clinical diagnosis)
Second tier general measure to control communicable disease.
TRANSMISSION BASED PRECAUTION
Transmission based precaution includes protection against direct and indirect transmission by
✔️ adding mask and gowns for PPE
Transmission based precaution includes protection against airborne transmission by
Use of air filters (N95, AIIR)
Transmission based precaution includes protection against droplets by
✔️maintaining a distance of 3ft from the source of infections to avoid droplet nuclei
✔️room windows are open
✔️use mask
Identify the levels of prevention.
Focuses on health promotion and disease prevention.
Primary
Identify the levels of prevention.
Focuses on the curative aspect of care. Effort directed for early treatment. Move is also undertaken to avoid possible complications.
Secondary
Identify the levels of prevention.
Focuses on the rehabilitation aspect. Effort of helping the patient adjust with the limitations and disability brought about by the previous disease.
Tertiary
Specific Organisms with health care-associated infection potential.
_____ is spore forming bacterium
clostridium difficile
What are ways in the management of clostridium difficile infection?
✔️use contact precaution
✔️use bleached-based solution
✔️clean touched equipment frequently
Specific Organisms with health care-associated infection potential.
Refers to S. aureus that is resistant to methicillin or its comparable pharmaceutical agents.
methicillin-resistant straphylococcus aureus
_____ can serve as the source for a bloodstream infection.
vascular access device
ideally infusion set should be changed every ____
3 days
ideally IV line should be changed every ____
3 days
ideally blood line should be changed ____
within 24 hours from start of infusion
clean injection ports with _____
70% alcohol
What are the general management for Hospital acquired infection?
Target some types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. But they’re less effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria than the previous generation.
A. 2nd generation
Identify the generation of cephalosporin.
More effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to the previous generation. They’re also more active against
bacteria that may be resistant to previous generations of cephalosporins.
E. 3rd generation
Identify the generation of cephalosporin.
While effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it’s usually reserved for more severe infections.
E. 4th generation
Identify the generation of cephalosporin.
This cephalosporin can be used to treat bacteria, including resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus species, that are resistant to penicillin antibiotics.
