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What is the difference in hepatitis and hepatosis?
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, hepatosis is degeneration of the liver
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how does blood go through the liver
from portal vein to the liver and then to the caudal vena cava
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what is the liver supposed to do
Maintain normoglycemia, Synthesize plasma proteins, Form and excrete bile, Excrete bilirubin, Form prothrombin, Detoxify and excrete toxins
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what goes to the left side of the liver
Blood from the gastrosplenic area and the lower part of the large intestine
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what goes to the right side of the liver
Blood from the rest of the intestines
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what clinical signs do we see with liver dysfunction
Jaundice, Hepatic Encephalopathy, Edema and emaciation, Diarrhea, constipation, Photosensitization, Abdominal pain•,Altered liver size, Displaced or ruptured liver
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what is jaundice
Yellow discoloration of unpigmented skin due Elevated bilirubin concentrations
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what is hepatic encephalopathy
Dull attitude, Head pressing, Ataxia, Muscle tremors/weakness, due to high levels of ammonia reaching the brain
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what is edema and emaciation
fluid swelling due to Obstruction of the portal vein and General hepatic insufficiency
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what is maldigestion
Diarrhea due to decreased protein production, congestion in portal vein, Constipation to liver isn’t making bile salts
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what is PHOTOSENSITIZATION
sensativty light due to excess Phylloerythrin which is a breakdown product of chlorophyll
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what are the causes of Prehepatic (hemolytic) icterus
before the liver such as excess hemolysis
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what are the causes of hepatic (hepatocellular) icterus
directly from the liver such obstructions or toxins
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what are the causes of Posthepatic (cholestatic) icterus
something after the live such as a blockage in the bile ducts
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What lab tests can we do to evaluate liver function?
Serum bile acids, Serum bilirubin, Ammonia, Urea nitrogen/BUN, Albumin, SDH, LDH, AST, GGT, GDH
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what can serum bile acids be for
may be high before jaundice but is typically a indicator of severity
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what can ammonia be used for
ost likely to be elevated with PSS
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what can albumin be used for
decreases with severe hepatic disease
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what can ADH be used for
acute liver failure
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what can GGT be used for
liver disease in cattle/sheep
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what are the scientific name of the two liver flukes
F. hepatica and F. gigantica
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how can liver flukes damage the liver
cause scarring in the liver, can block bile duct and liver
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What is a portosystemic shunt
Altered blood flow through the liver leading to poor growth, neurlogic growth, and ascites
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What lab test might be most useful when trying to determine the presence of a shunt
ammonia
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What causes’ Theiler’s disease? What’s the other name for it?
tetanus antitoxin or blood/plasma transfusion, SERUM HEPATITIS
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What species is theiler's disease typically seen in?
horses
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What can cause a liver abscess?
Grain overlord, ruminitis, Umbilical infections
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how do you treat a liver abscess
Penicillin's, Oxytet, Cephalosporins
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how do you diagnose a liver abscess
neutrophilia, US or Anaerobic culture
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What agent causes red water disease and why is it called red water disease
Clostridium haemolyticum, turns urine a red color
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how do you prevent red water disease
Vaccinate animals over 6 months of age in endemic areas
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how do you treat red water disease
Penicillin, tetracycline, antitoxin, Supportive care
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What agent causes black disease and why is it called that
Clostridium novyi type B, cause blackening of the skin
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how do you treat black disease
Penicillin
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how do you prevent black disease
Vaccination for cattle and sheep, can give bacitracin in feed to pigs or try to use sheep vaccine
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What species carries the hepatitis E virus?
pigs
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How are humans exposed to hepatitis E virus? What population of humans are most susceptible to disease from it?
raw pig liver, immunocompromised people
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What plants contain PA’s? What do those toxins actually do? What animals are most affected.
Crotalaria and Heliotriopium, Hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, and photosensitization. Cattle
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What is the metabolite of chlorophyll that causes photosensitization?
Phylloerythrin
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What is aflatoxicosis and how do animals become exposed?
Mycotoxin contaminant of food
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Which species doesn’t have a gall bladder?
horses
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Can livestock be diagnosed with pancreatitis? Diabetes? Do they develop liver tumors?
yes to all
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