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Who coined the term "sociological imagination"?
C. Wright Mills.
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What is sociological imagination?
The ability to see social patterns that influence individuals, families, and organizations.
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Why is sociological imagination important?
It helps understand personal problems in the context of broader social issues.
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What is the relationship between personal problems and social issues?
Personal problems are influenced by underlying social issues when experienced collectively.
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Define globalization according to Steger.
The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and world space.
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How do Fulcher and Scott define globalization?
As a complex of interrelated processes spreading relationships and organizations across the world.
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What are the four attributes of globalization?
Connectivity, Expansion of social relations, Intensification of exchanges, and Subjective experience.
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Give an example of "Various Forms of Connectivity" in globalization.
Trade between ASEAN countries like the Philippines and Vietnam.
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What does "Expansion of Social Relations" mean in globalization?
Expanding functions like NGOs protecting rights and dignity of OFWs
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How does globalization intensify social relations?
By accelerating social exchanges and increasing global consciousness.
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What does it mean that globalization occurs "subjectively"?
People become more conscious of the global network shaping their lives.
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What are the three key elements of a nation-state?
National citizen, national territory, and national administration.
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Define the state.
The main political actor inside the global political and economic arena.
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What is sovereignty?
The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience within its territory.
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What is internal sovereignty?
The power of the state to rule within its territory.
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What is external sovereignty?
The freedom of the state to act without subjection to or control by other states.
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What is the Divine Right Theory of the state's origin?
The belief that God ordains certain people to govern.
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What is the Necessity or Force Theory?
States are created through force by great warriors imposing their will on the weak.
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What is the Social Contract Theory?
States are formed by people uniting to create a government for their common good.
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What is Pactum Unionis?
A social contract where people seek protection for their lives and property.
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What is Pactum Subjectionis?
People unite to obey a common authority in exchange for protection, surrendering part of their freedom.
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How does Max Weber define a nation?
Through a "community sentiment" or a sense of collective identity.
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What does Benedict Anderson's term "imagined community" refer to?
The idea that nations are socially constructed through shared beliefs.
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What does Giddens argue about nations?
A nation does not exist until the state constructs a national administration over its territory.
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What is embodied globalization?
The interconnectedness and mobility of people across the globe.
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What is an example of embodied globalization?
African political refugees migrating to Europe and the U.S.
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What is disembodied globalization?
The global interconnectedness and mobility of ideas, data, and information.
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What is an example of disembodied globalization?
The spread of ideas through digital networks in the 'new era of digital globalization.'
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What is objectified globalization?
The global movement and interconnectedness of things and objects.
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What is an example of objectified globalization?
AI-driven, drone-operated delivery systems.
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What is institutional globalization?
The global interconnectedness and mobility of social and political institutions.
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What is an example of institutional globalization?
US military personnel stationed around the world.
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Who are considered the "Unholy Trinity" in corporate globalization?
The World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank (WB), and International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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When were the WTO and WB institutionalized?
In Bretton Woods in July 1944.
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What does the IMF provide?
Loans funded by member contributions to countries in need.
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What is the main criticism of IMF and World Bank loans?
The conditionalities and structural adjustments they impose on countries.
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What is an example of a structural adjustment imposed by the IMF?
Cutting government spending on education, healthcare, and basic necessities.
- Devalue the national currency and increase exports by accelerating the plunder of
- natural resources, reducing real wages and subsidizing export oriented foreign
- investment
- Liberalize (open) financial markets to attract speculative short-term portfolio investment
- that create enormous financial instability and foreign liabilities while serving little, if any,
- useful purposes
- Eliminate tariffs and other controls on imports, thereby increasing the import of consumer
- goods purchased with borrowed foreign exchange, undermining local industry and
- agricultural producers unable to compete with cheap import, increasing the strain on
- foreign exchange accounts, and deepening external indebtedness
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What does the World Trade Organization (WTO) do?
Regulates global trade and resolves trade disputes
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What is a common criticism of the WTO?
Power imbalances and weak enforcement of trade rules.
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What is the role of the World Bank today?
Promoting long-term economic development through building infrastructure like schools and hospitals
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What is globalization, in a short definition?
Globalization is about planetary interconnectivities, mobilities, and imaginations.
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What is Manuel Castells' concept of the global network society?
It is fueled by "communication power" and involves worldwide social interactions.
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What are the four forms of globalization?
Embodied, Disembodied, Objectified, and Institutional.
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What does "planetary interconnectivities" mean in globalization?
The interconnectedness of social, economic, and political systems across the world.
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What is the main function of the IMF?
To promote international monetary cooperation and provide financial aid.
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What is an example of embodied globalization?
International migration of workers to seek better opportunities abroad.
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How does globalization impact culture?
It spreads cultural ideas and practices across different regions, leading to hybridization.
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What is the "One Belt One Road" initiative?
A global infrastructure development strategy by China, impacting geopolitics.
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How does globalization affect economics?
It increases trade, investment, and economic interdependence among nations.
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Why is it important to study globalization with a sociological imagination?
To understand the interconnectedness of personal experiences and broader social processes.
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