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Technology and natural machinesz

  1. Facts about metastatic tumors
    • -Even with early intervention, tumors are difficult to treat.
    • -Some metastatic tumors are resistant to chemotherapy.
    • -Some metastatic tumors are resistant to radiation.
    • -Surgical resection is best if tumors are small.
  2. CARCINOMA
    • Originates in epithelial tissue.
    • ▪ Example:
    • • Skin
    • • Lining of the body tissue
  3. ADENOCARCINOMA
    • Originates in the glandular
    • tissue.
    • ▪ Example:
    • • Breast
    • • Prostate
    • • Thyroid
  4. SARCOMA
    • Originates in:
    • ▪ Fat
    • ▪ Muscle
    • ▪ Blood vessels
    • ▪ Deep skin tissues
    • ▪ Nerves
    • ▪ Bones
    • ▪ Cartilage
  5. EMBRYONAL
    Originates in embryonic tissue
  6. LYMPHOMAS
    Originates lymphatic system
  7. LEUKEMIAS
    ➢ Originates blood-forming organs
  8. MYELOMA
    ➢ Plasma
  9. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: EPITHELIAL
    SURFACE CARCINOMA
    • BENIGH TUMORS: PAPILLOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
  10. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: EPITHELIAL
    GLADULAR
    • BENIGH TUMORS: ADENOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: ADENOCARCINOMA
  11. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    FIBROUS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: FIBROMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: FIBROSARCOMA
  12. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    ADIPOSE
    • BENIGH TUMORS: LIPOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: LIPOSARCOMA
  13. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    CARTILAGE
    • BENIGH TUMORS: CHRONDROMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: CHONDROSARCOMA
  14. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    BONES
    • BENIGH TUMORS: OSTEOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: OSTEOSARCOMA
  15. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    BLOOD
    • BENIGH TUMORS: HEMANGIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMANGIOSARCOMA
  16. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    LYMPH VESSELS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: LYMPHAGIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: LYMPHAGIOSARCOMA
  17. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: CONNECTIVE
    LYMPH TISSUES
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: LYMPHOSARCOMA
  18. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: MUSCLE
    SMOOTH
    • BENIGH TUMORS: LEIOMYOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: LEIOMYOSARCOMA
  19. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: MUSCLE
    STRIATED
    • BENIGH TUMORS: RHABDOMYOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
  20. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    NERVE CELL
    • BENIGH TUMORS: NEUROMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEUROBLASTOMA
  21. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    GLIAL CELLS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: GLIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: GLIOBLASTOMA, ASTROCYTOMA
  22. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    NERVE SHEATHS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: NEURILEMMOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURILEMMAL SARCOMA
  23. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    MENINGES
    • BENIGH TUMORS: MINENGIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: MENINGEAL SARCOMA
  24. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMATOLOGIC
    GRANULOCYTIC
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: MYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
  25. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMATOLOGIC
    ERYTHROCYTIC
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: ERYTHROCYTIC LEUKEMIA
  26. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMATOLOGIC
    PLASMA CELLS
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: MULTIPLE MYELOMA
  27. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMATOLOGIC
    LYMPHOCYTIC (LYMPHOMA)
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
  28. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMATOLOGIC
    MONOCYTIC
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
  29. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    BLOOD VESSELS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: HEMANGIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: HEMANGIOSARCOMA
  30. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    LYMPH VESSELS
    • BENIGH TUMORS: LYMPHAGIOMA
    • MALIGNANT TUMORS: LYMPHAGIOSARCOMA
  31. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS: NEURAL
    ENDOTHELIAL LINING
    MALIGNANT TUMORS: EWING'S SARCOMA
  32. The role of genes in the development of
    cancer is very important, and there are
    three types of genes that are involved:
    • 1. proto-oncogenes
    • 2. oncogenes
    • 3. tumor suppressor genes.
  33. are normal genes that encode proteins involved in promoting cell growth, division, and survival. They play essential roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Examples include genes that code for growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signaling molecules.
    Proto-oncogenes
  34. are mutated or aberrantly expressed forms of proto-oncogenes that contribute to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. Oncogenes drive the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, often by activating signaling pathways that lead to increased cell division or resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    Oncogenes
  35. are normal genes that function to restrain cell division, promote DNA repair, or initiate apoptosis. They act as a safeguard against uncontrolled cell growth, helping to maintain genomic integrity.
    Tumor Suppressor Genes
  36. Chronic inflammation
    Initiation and Promotion
  37. Obesity
    Promotion
  38. Oxidative Stress
    Promotion
  39. Type 2 diabetes
    Promotion
  40. Sedentary Lifestyle
    Promotion
  41. Weakened Immune System
    Initiation and Promotion
  42. Poor Diet
    Initiation and Promotion
  43. Nutritional Deficiencies
    Initiation and Promotion
  44. Genetics
    Initiation
  45. Stress / Insomnia
    Promotion
  46. Smoking / Alcohol
    Initiation
  47. Environmental Toxins
    Initiation
  48. Toxicity, Acidity
    Initiation
  49. Top 3 estimated percentage of cancer cases caused by identifiable and/or potentially preventable factors.
    • 1. Tobacco
    • 2. Excess Weight and Obesity
    • 3. Diet
  50. Many environmental agents are known to be carcinogenic, and include things
    such as:
    • -Radiation
    • -Alcohol
    • -Chemicals
    • -Some Foods
    • -Air Pollution
    • -Virus
    • -Smoking
  51. Ultraviolet radiation causes :
    Basal carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
  52. the list of carcinomas caused by ionising radiation is extremely long, and includes:
    • • acute leukaemias in
    • adults and children
    • • thyroid cancer
    • • breast cancer
    • • lung cancer
    • • stomach cancer
    • • cancer of the colon
    • • oesophageal cancer
    • • urinary tract cancer
    • multiple myeloma.
  53. Microbial Agents:
    • bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Fungi
    • Protozoans
  54. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Hepatitis B
    Hepatocellular Carcinoma
  55. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    HPV (type 16 and 18)
    Cervical Cancer
  56. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Epstein-Barr virus (Kissing Virus)
    Burkitt's Lymphoma
  57. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Human T-cell lymphotropic
    Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
  58. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    Kaposi Sarcoma: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
  59. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Schistosoma
    Bladder Cancer
  60. Cancer Types Associated with a Virus or Other Biological Agents:
    Helicobacter Pylori
    Gastric Cancer
  61. PHYSICAL AGENTS
    • -Chronic irritation or inflammation
    • -Radiation
    • -Over exposure to sunlight
    • -Tobacco/Cigar use/ environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS)
  62. CHEMICAL AGENTS
    • -Dye
    • -Asbestos
    • -Pesticides and Formaldehydes
    • -Arsenic, Soot, and Tars
    • -Benzene
    • -Cadmium
    • -Smoke
    • -Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) includes ecigarettes, e-pens, vapes etc (nicotine, formaldehyde,
    • flavoring cehemicals, volatile organic compounds
  63. Asbestos located in the home
    • A. Exterior surfaces
    • B. Insulation
    • C. Flooring
    • D. Interior surfaces
    • E. Boilers, heating and Piping
    • F. Electrical equipment
    • G. Appliances
    • H. Miscellaneous (Fireplace logs)
    • I. Automotives
  64. GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS:
    Hereditary cancer syndromes
    • -Two or more first-degree or second-degree relatives
    • -Early onset of cancer in family members younger
    • than 50 years
    • -Same type of cancer in several family members
    • -Individual family members with more than one (1)
    • type of cancer
    • -Rare cancer in one (1) or more family members
    • -Evidence of an autosomal dominant inheritance
    • pattern of cancers affecting several generations of a
    • family
  65. GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS:
    Hereditary syndromes
    • -BRCA1 and BRCA2
    • -MEN1 and MEN2
  66. FAMILIAL FACTORS
    • -Owing to genetics
    • -Shared environments
    • -Cultural/Lifestyle factors – obesity, alcohol intake, poor
    • diet, physical inactivity
    • -By Chance alone
  67. DIETARY FACTORS [LONG-TERM]
    • -Fats and oils from animal sources
    • -Alcoholic beverages
    • -Nitrate- and nitrite containing foods
    • -Salt-cured
    • -Smoked meats
  68. IDIOPATHIC
    • -Breast
    • -Colon,
    • -Rectal,
    • -Lymphatic,
    • -Bone marrow, and
    • -Pancreas
  69. HORMONAL AGENTS
    • -Prolonged estrogen replacement therapy[ERT]
    • -Diethylstilbestrol [DES]
    • -Oral contraceptives
Author
reddd
ID
365773
Card Set
Technology and natural machinesz
Description
Updated

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