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Actions done consciously & freely by the agent/or by man, Man takes into responsibility of these actions
Human Acts
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3 Essential Qualities/Elements of Human Acts
- Knowledge of the Act
- Freedom
- Voluntariness
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Actions beyond one’s consciousness;Not dependent on the intellect & will
Acts of Man
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3 Essential QUalities of Acts of Man
- Done without knowledge
- Without consent
- Involuntary
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5 Modifiers of human acts
- Ignorance
- Concupiscence
- Fear
- Violence
- Habit
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Mere absence of knowledge
Ignorance
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Ignorance in its object 3
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types of ignorance 2
- Vincible ignorance
- Invincible ignorance
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3 Ignorance in its result
- Antecedent ignorance
- Concomitant ignorance
- Consequent ignorance
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4 Principles of ignorance
- Invincible ignorance destroys the voluntariness of an act
- Vincible ignorance does not destroy the voluntariness of an act
- Vincible ignorance lessens the voluntariness of an act
- Affected ignorance, in one way lessens, and in another way increase voluntariness
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Refer to bodily appetites which are called passions
Concupiscence
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Procedes the act of the will and is not willfully stimulated by will Ex: sudden feeling of joy, hatred, pity, grief
Antécédent concupiscence
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Deliberately aroused by the will to ensure a more prompt & willing operation
Conséquent concupiscence
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Shrinking back of the mind from danger
Fear
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Principle of Fear
“ an act done from fear, however great, is simply voluntary, although it is regularly also conditionally involuntary “
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Mental trepidation due to an impending evil (2)
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arouse by presence of danger that is regarded by most people as serious
Grave fear
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Aroused by danger that is not serious & grave danger that is not very probable
Slight Fear
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External force applied by free cause for purpose of compelling a person to perform an act which is against his will
Violence
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Violence can be: (4)
- Physical Violence
- Emotional violence
- Verbal violence
- Sexual Violence
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Principles of Violence
“ acts elicited by will are not subject to violence; external acts caused violence, to which due resistance is offered, are in no wise imputable to the agent”
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Lasting readiness & facility, born of frequently repeated acts for acting in certain manner
Habit
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Principle of habit
“ habit does not destroy voluntariness; acts from habit are always voluntary, at least in cause, as long as the habit is allowed to endure “
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