The inflammatory response is a defensive reaction intended to ____, ____, or ____ the offending agent. And to prepare the site for repair.
neutralize
control
eliminate
What are the most common cause of inflammatory response?
1.Physical trauma
2.Infection from microorganisms
3.Chemical, irradiation, &thermal injury (causing direct irritation to the tissue)
4.Immune reactions (Allergies)
Inflammation is not the same as infection.
True or False
True. Infection often (triggers) leads to inflammation, inflammation can occur without infection.
What are the general sequence of events that occurs in the local inflammatory response.
1.Changes in the microcirculation (vasoconstriction then vasodilation)
2.Increased vascular permeability
3.Leukocytic cellular infiltration
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation. In chronological order.
Redness (Rubor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Pain (Dolor)
Loss of function (Functio Laesa)
Pathophysio
Dsitruption of tissue kntegrity can be due to (3). This then triggers the inflammatory response.
1. Injury
2. Ischemic damage
3. Immune response
Pathophysio (Vascular changes)
1.Vasodilation
2. +capillary permeability
3. +blood flow
4. Local tissue congestion (swelling)
Pathophysio (Cellular changes)
1. Phagocytosis
2. +Leukocytes (granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes)
3. Release of chemical mediators (mast cells and macrophage
Pathophysio (Body response)
Local effect
(Cardinal signs of inflammation)
Erythema - abnormal redness of the skin
Warmth
Edema
Pain
Impaired function
Pathophysio (Body response)
Systemic effect
Fever
Leukocytosis (abnormal increase in the number of WBC in the blood as a result of infection)
Malaise
Anorexia
Sepsis
The chemical mediator concentrated in the mast cells.
Histamine
Histamine is responsible for _____ and ____.
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
This chemical mediator also increases vascular dilation and permeability; but attract neutrophils.
Kinins
It is large while cells that can swallow and digest microbes and other foreign particles.
B. phagocytes
it is acellular process of engulfing solid particles; to devour.
B. phagocytosis
A phagocyte that circulates in the blood.
A. monocytes
Are mature and developed monocytes; are scavengers which rid the body of worn out cells and other debris.
E. macrophages
Are category of WBC which contains granules filled with potent chemical.
E. granulocytes
One type of granulocytes; a phagocyte.
a. chemical mediator
b. exudates
c. eosinophil
d. basophil
e. neutrophil
e.neutrophil
Are granulocytes that degranulate by spraying their chemical into harmful cells or microbes nearby.
a. chemical mediator
b. exudates
c. eosinophil
d. basophil
e. neutrophil
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
Fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has been deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.
C. exudates
Are substances which act on blood vessels, nerves, inflammatory cells or other cells as messengers to contribute to inflammatory response.
C. chemical mediator
Are resident cell of several type of tissue.
Mast cells
Released by mast cells which can dilate small venules and constrict large vessels.
Histamine
Histamine ____ small venules.
dilate/ constrict
dilate
Histamine _____ large vessels.
dilate/constrict
constrict
What are the types of inflammation?
chronic and acute
chronic or acute
Caused by pathogen, substance, materials that causes injury.
acute
chronic or acute
persistent acute inflammation due to non degradable foreign bodies
chronic
acute or chronic
major cells involved are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages
(granulocytes)
acute
acute or chronic
major cells involved includes mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts