Bio 30-1 Unit 1 Review

• 1.Pneumonia causing bacteria exist as non-virulent (r-strain) and virulent (s-strain)
• 2.Heat can denature the s-strain bacteria causing it to become non-virulent
• 3.when mixing a heat killed killed s-strain and harmless r-strain, the host contains virulent s-strain
• 4.Bacteria can pick up random pieces of foreign DNA, thus transforming themselves

Universal language used by all organisms

the sequences of nitrogen bases

be paired with DNA to produce tRNA

Restriction only, Restriction and ligase

DNA fingerprinting

is a hybrid of the old and new nucleotides

Function as a template for nucleotide sequences

Forensic scientists use genetic evidence of fingerprints as DNA is specific to an individual

An enzyme used as a tool that will fuse a donor gene into another gene

Enzymes that will cut out a donor gene for gene splicing

Taking genetic information from one organism is spliced into the  chromosome of another

Uncontrolled cell division of unusable cells

A mutated gene that has a chance to cause cancer.

• -Physical: caused by X-rays, Gamma rays, UV
• -Chemical: caused by Nitrites, Gas fumes, Smokes

A point mutation where an unfunctional polypeptide is made

A point mutation where an altered or different protein is made

A point mutation where no effect happens on the polypeptide

A nucleotide is inserted or removed from tRNA changing the order

Permanent, inheritable changes in the genetic material. Can be somatic mutations (in the body cells) or germ line mutations (sex cells)

Made the double helix model based upon multiple DNA models from different scientists labs they visted.

Proved DNA codes for Genes not proteins. DNA labeled as phosphorus would enter the cell but not protein as sulfur

Frederick Griffith and Oswald Avery proved transformation is a change in genotype caused by forgein material

The backbone of DNA uses several nitrogenous base: cytosine (c) Thymine (T) Adenine (A0 Guanine (G) A and T will always have the same amount and G and C will share the same amount (Chargoff's Rule) RNA uses Cytosine (c), uracil (u) Adernine (A) Guanine (G). Sticking together (DNA to RNA): T-A, A-U, C-G, G-C

• -leaves the nucleus
• -sugar backbone is ribose
• -has uracil instead of thymine
• -single strand
• -can be tRNA, mRNA or rRNA
• -uses a three base code

In the ribosome the mRNA will link up with amino acid carrying tRNA with three slots (known as a codon). The tRNA form a chain link based on what the mRNA will say. Once it is read they drop their amino acids and move on.This continues until the chain reaches a code telling it to stop

RNA polymerase will take parts of DNA and connect them to RNA bases creating an mRNA strand. the mRNA will leave the nucleus and attach to a ribosome and "tell" it which amino acids will be used to make a protein

DNA takes two major steps to make protein, Transcription: splitting the DNA and making a copy of mRNA and Translation: proteins are being made by tRNA bringing amino acids described by mRNA

An enzyme that glues together the two DNA strands

An enzyme that adds the new base to DNA

An enzyme that adds primers to DNA

An enzyme that cuts hydrogen bonds

• 1.Initiation: Helicase unwinds the DNA forming a replication bubble. The unzipped DNA is held together by single strand binding proteins
• 2.Elongation: Primer is used to start copying the DNA, this is made by Primase enzymes. Polymerase adds nucleotides and proof reads the strand. Okazaki fragments form and put the two halfs togethers
• 3.Termination: after Okazaki fragments are joined by ligase, the DNA re-winds into double helix form, the rest of enzymes are terminated

The backbone of DNA is made from an alternating molecule of phosphate, deoxyribose and base. One group of these is referred to as a nucleotide. Two of these strands form in a double helix to make a nucleotide