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study of the past.
History
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History comes from Greek word
historia
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historia means
"inquiry”/knowledge acquired by investigation
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Events occurring before the invention of writing systems
Prehistory
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are all the materials directly reflecting the historical process & providing an opportunity for studying the past
Historical Sources
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Primary Sources
- Secondary sources
- Tertiary Sources
- 3 types of Historical sources
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original materials, first-hand testimony or direct evidence
PRIMARY SOURCES
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created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented.
PRIMARY SOURCES
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3 Types Of Primary Sources
- Archaeological/Historical Sources
- Written Sources
- Non-Written Sources
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consist of inscriptions, manuscripts, monuments, copper plates, coins and works of art.
a) Archaeological/Historical sources
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Narrative/Literary Sources, Diplomatic Sources, Social documents
- Newspaper articles, journal articles, lab notebooks, field notes, published original research, patents, proceedings of meetings, conferences and symposia, novels, poems,
- b) Written Sources
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Non-Written Sources also called
Oral Traditions.
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was the first kind of History”.
Oral History
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based on the primary sources.
SECONDARY SOURCES
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interprets, analyze & criticize primary sources.
SECONDARY SOURCES
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accounts of events created after the main event occurred.
SECONDARY SOURCES
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index/textual consolidation of primary & secondary sources.
TERTIARY SOURCES
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not to be used for academic research, unless they can be used as secondary sources
TERTIARY SOURCES
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2 Types Of Tertiary Sources
- Modern Sources
- Post-Modern Sources
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With the development of scientific technology, the modern sources came into being. consist of audio & video recordings, speeches, survey records, internet communications through emails, websites
MODERN SOURCES
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sources completely rely on the internet. Ex: social media networks, Blogs, Geo-fencing etc.
POST MODERN OR ULTRA MODERN SOURCES
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History repeats itself; there is no real “progress.
Cyclical Theory
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theory holds that history is a series of patterns that recur in different forms around the world.
Cyclical Theory
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History is about progress
Linear theory
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theory holds that the world is constantly improving & heading to ultimate direction
Linear theory
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theory based on cause & effect
Linear theory
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Individual ppl, small groups of ppl, through the power of their character/ intellect, determine the course of history
Great Man Theory
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the history of the world is but the biography of great men.
Great Man Theory
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theory hold that the world/history is shaped by the efforts of ordinary people (farmers, merchants, religious figures)
Everyman Theory
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theory holds that natural environment is major determinant of history, determining the potential and needs of groups of people.
Geographic Theory
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Theory holds that history is fundamentally a struggle between different social classes:
Marxist Theory
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powerful groups that control wealth and resources, & powerless groups who struggle to survive.
Marxist Theory
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