Anatomy Quiz 2 - Respiration

the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

bringing oxygen to the body's cells by breathing in

eliminating waste products by breathing out carbon dioxide

• - replace new cells
• - produce energy
• -  maintain adequate brain function
• - maintain cardiovascular health
• - remove metabolic waste including carbon dioxide

• the pressure of a gas is inversely related to volume
• -- as volume increases, pressure decreases
• -- as volume decreases, pressure increases

the human body needs to be at equilibrium with the pressure around us

• most connect to the sternum via cartilage
• - the lowest two pairs float

shoulder blades

cervical (neck), thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

cervical vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

sacral vertebrae

coccygeal vertebrae

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

• - primary entrance of air
• - helps to filter out air before it enters the lungs

• - throat
• - passage way for air, food, and liquid
• - technically a space and not a structure

• - voicebox
• - houses the vocal folds
• - swallowing, respiration, and phonation functions

lungs and lower airways (lower respiratory system)

• main organ of respiratory system
• - houses aveoli
• - porous and spongey
• - 2 lobes on left, 3 lobes on right
• - covered by visceral pleura

• thin membrane that covers the lungs
• - keeps lungs and chest wall connected

• covers the inner chest wall
• - keeps the lungs connected to the chest wall

• rib cage wall
• - forms most of the thorax
• - surrounds lungs (except at bottom)
• - consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, and pectoral girdle

• - floor of the thorax
• - separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
• - MOST IMPORTANT MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION

natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue

rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm, abdominal wall muscles

elevate

depress

consists of one inspiration and one expiration

the quiet flow of air into and out of the lungs

measures the amount of air for one function (inhale and exhale)

volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle

maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond tidal volume

volume of air remaining at the end of maximum expiration

• maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
• -    IC = TV + IRV

• maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (capacity available for speech)
• -      VC = IC + ERV

maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond tidal volume

• amount of air that remains after passive exhale
• -     FRC = ERV + RV

• volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration
• - sum of all lung volumes
• -      TLC = VC + RV

the pressure within the individual alveoli

pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

pressure below the vocal folds

pressure measured within the oral cavity

• pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight
• - approx. 760 mm Hg (mercury)

brain, spinal chord, some cranial nerves, some spinal nerves

how many respiration cycles the average adult has per minute

primarily sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood

primarily sensitive to O2 in the blood

• sensitive to physical changes in the tissues, muscles, tendons. etc.
• - located in the pulmonary apparatus and chest wall

the rate at which air moves in and out of respiration

expelling more CO2 than the intake of oxygen

use of neural receptors to force expiration

activity in which inspiratory thoracic muscles must be engaged to hold the elastic recoil forces in check to sustain phonation

age, sex, cognitive linguistic, social variables

happens during exercise and at high elevations