Midbrain&Spinal&Cranial_Nerves.csv

"cervical

projections of pia mater that connect to the dura and arachnoid mater; teeth-like; stabilize spinal cord; only easily separable section of pia mater

the distal end of the spinal cord; found near the L1 or L2 vertebrae in most humans

"""horse's tail;"" consists of spinal nerves and roots that project below the end of spinal neurons"

fibrous tissue that extends below the conus medullaris; consists of an upper section -- the internum -- that is made up of pia mater and a lower section -- the externum -- that is closely associated with dura mater

a lateral enlargement of the spinal cord; area in which the nerves of the brachial plexus originate

a lateral enlargement of the spinal cord; area in which the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus originate

contains organized laminas (layers of nerve cells); involves symmetrical halves connected by a commissure; contains dorsal and ventral columns; thoracic and upper lumbar regions also contain interomediolateral projections

surround the gray matter; consists of dorsal and lateral and ventral columns; contains distinct axonal pathways (tracts)

receives sensory information

contains motor neurons

found primarily in the thoracic region of the spinal cord; mediates sympathetic innervation

layers of nerve cells found in the gray matter of the spinal cord

contains ascending axons from the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system

contains descending axons from the lateral corticospinal tract

contains ascending axons from the spinothalamic/anterolateral system

part of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; involved in the pain pathway; made up of nerve bodies at the periphery of the spinal cord

made up of ascending fibers; involved in transmitting information about fine touch and proprioception; dessucate in the lemniscal dessication of the medulla

made up of descending fibers; involved in motor control; dessucate at the pyrimideal dessucation in the medulla

made up of ascending fibers; convey information about pain and temperatue; dessucate at the level of the spinal cord

crossing of nerve fibers to the contralateral side of the body

filaments projecting from the nerve bodies in the dorsal and ventral horns

formed from convergence of dorsal rootlets

formed from convergence of ventral rootlets

collection of cell bodies; found on the dorsal root

innervates the muscles of the back; contains both motor and sensory information; smaller than the ventral rami; splits off after the convergence of dorsal and ventral roots

innervates everything that is not innervated by the dorsal ramus; contains both motor and sensory information; larger than the dorsal ramus; splits off after the convergence of the dorsal and ventral roots

vertebral artery; ascending cervical artery; deep cervical artery

intercostal artery

lumbar artery

lateral sacral artery

anterior spinal artery; posterior spinal arteries; medullary and radicular arteries

laterally-oriented arteries that supply the intercostal spaces between the ribs; have ventral and dorsal branches

small laterally-oriented vessels that follow filaments to nerve tissue

laterally-oriented vessels that branch off to form the radicular arteries/veins

vertically-oriented vessels that intersect with the spinal medullary arteries/veins and with the vertebral artery/vein

located in the midbrain; involved in motor coordination; receives crossed efferent fibers from the cerebellum; projects to the thalamus and the spinal cord via the rubrospinal tract

found in the medulla oblangata; a stalk-like collection of nerve fibers that project to the cerebellum; contains fibers of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and fibers from vestibular nuclei (among others)

found in the pons; the largest cerebellar peduncle; arise in the nuclei pontis and project to the cerebellum

found in the midbrain; contains efferent fibers from the cerebellum to the red nucleus; forms the upper lateral boundry of the fourth ventricle

"the floor of the caudal medulla; chemoreceptor trigger zone with a thin blood-brain barrier that allows the brain to ""sample"" contents of the blood; located at the point at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the central canal"

the bulk of the brainstem; found below the tegmentum

"found in the brainstem ventral to the fourth ventricle (""floor""); contains mostly motor neurons; involved in reflexive pathways; contains the cerebral aqueduct & periaqueductal gray & reticular formation & substantia nigra & red nucleus"

"found mainly in the midbrain dorsal to the fourth ventricle (""ceiling); contains mostly sensory neurons; involved in visual and auditory reflexes"

found in the tectum of the midbrain; receive visual as well as other types of information; involved in ocular reflexes

found in the tectum of the midbrain; receive auditory information; involved in sound localization and auditory reflexes

the rostral medulla is wider than the caudal medulla; caudal medulla is more morphologically similar to the spinal cord

found in the tegmentum in the midbrain; contains descending axon tracts; contains collections of opiod receptors; involved in pain suppression

found in the midbrain; sends dopaminergic efferent fibers to the striatum; involved in motor control; degenerates in Parkinson's disease

Olfactory - sensory - involved in sense of smell

Optic - sensory - involved in visual input

Oculomotor - motor - involved in eye movements/pupil contraction

Trochlear - motor - involved in eye movements

Trigeminal - sensory & motor - involved in somatic sensation from face/mouth cornea; innervates muscles of mastication

Abducens - motor - involved in eye movements

Facial - sensory & motor - controls muscles of facial expression; involved in taste

Auditory/vestibulocochlear - sensory - involved in hearing/sense of balance

Glossopharyngeal - sensory & motor - involved in sensation from pharynx; taste; carotid baroreception

Vagus - sensory & motor - involved in autonomic function of the gut; sensation from pharynx; muscles of vocal cords; swallowing

Spinal accessory - motor - controls shoulder & neck muscles

Hypoglossal - motor - involved in movements of toungue

somatic motor; brachial motor; visceral motor; general sensory; special sensory; visceral sensory

oculomotor (III); trochlear (IV); abducens (VI); hypoglossal (XII)

trigeminal motor (V); facial (VII); nucleus ambiguus (IX & X); spinal accessory (XI)

Edinger-Westphal (III); superior salivatory (VII); inferior salivatory (IX); dorsal motor (X); nucleus ambiguus (X)

trigeminal sensory - mesencephalic (V & VII & IX & X); trigeminal sensory - principal (V & VII & IX & X); trigeminal sensory - spinal (V & VII & IX & X)

vestibular (VIII); cochlear (VIII)

nucleus of the solitary tract (VII & IX & X)

oculomotor; trochlear; Edinger-Westphal; trigeminal sensory - mesencephalic

abducens; trigeminal motor; facial; superior salivatory; inferior salivatory; trigeminal sensory - principal; vestibular; cochlear; nucleus of the solitary tract

hypoglossal; nucleus ambiguus; spinal accessory; dorsal motor; trigeminal sensory - spinal; vestibular; cochlear; nucleus of the solitary tract

eye -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> hypothalamus/pretectum/lateral geniculate nucleus/superior colliculi

carries visual information from a single eye to the optic chiasm

area in which optic nerves partially cross; integrates information from both eyes and segragates information from the left and right visual fields

found in the thalamus; important relay center for visual information

project from the LGN to the ipsilateral side of the occipital lobe

located below the thalamus and above the brainstem; important in regulation of metabolic functions; receives some light information to regulate circadian rhythm

found between the midbrain and the thalamus; receives binocular information and outputs to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus

contains parasympathetic neurons that control pupil contraction in the eye

eye movements are coordinated; light stimulus in one eye will lead to a response in both eyes

a pair of crossed fiber tracts on either side of the brainstem; involved in coordination of eye movements

loss of sense of smell

olfactory receptors -> olfactory nerve of the PNS -> olfactory bulb of the CNS; does not involve the thalamus; involves activation of amygdala (involved in emotion)

cranial nerves -> nucleus of the solitary tract -> VPM of thalamus -> insula and frontal cortex; interaction with amygdala and hypothalamus occurs at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract

a group of neurons with cell bodies in the pons; receives sensory information about the face

found in the midbrain; involved with proprioception of the face;

found in the medulla; involved with pain/temperature information from the face

carry information from the trigenimal nerve to the principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex

carries information form the principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex to the thalamus

from top to bottom: optical; maxillary; mandibular

damage to lower motor nuclei leads to paralysis on one side of the face; damage to upper motor nuclei leads to paralysis on the lower half of one side of the face

involved in light tough; afferent fibers pass through the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the medial lemniscus and then to the thalamus

located in the medulla oblongata; involved in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract

located in the medulla oblongata; involved in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract

involved in pain and temperature sensation; involves the spinal trigeminal nucleus

major descending motor system; involves projection through the red nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus

descending pathway; facilitates quick movements in response to changes in body position; contains crossed and uncrossed fibers; arise from the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem

descending pathway; arises in the reticular formation; descends through ventral and lateral columns of the spinal cord; involves crossed and uncrossed fibers; involved in spinal reflexes

descending pathway; also called the tectospinal tract; arises in the superior colliculus in the tectum of the midbrain and descends through the contralateral ventral column; involved in head turning in response to sudden auditory or visual stimuli

a collection of nerve cells that runs diffusely through the brainstem; involved primarily in consciousness and arousal; also involved in maintaining posture and balance

involved in premotor coordination of lower somatic and visceral motor neuronal pools; maintains posture and balance

involved in modulation of forebrain activity; controls consciousness and arousal

posterior circulation is derived from vertebral arteries; anterior circulation is derived from carotid arteries

involves two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery; supplies blood to the posterior part of the circle of Willis

separates blood from circulating CSF; composed of tight junctions between epithelial cells that are supported by astrocytes

found in the medulla; controls swallowing and vocalization; gives rise to branchial efferent axons in nerves IX and X