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______ is a large group of disorders with different causes, manifestations, treatments and prognoses.
Cancer
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Cancer nursing or _______
oncology nursing
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What is the order of the progression of cancer disease? (5)
1.Prevention and detection
- 2.Abnormal finding and
- Diagnostic evaluations
- 3. 1st-line (initial) treatment
- Adjuvant treatment
- Symptom management
- 4.2nd-and 3rd line treatment
- Increasing acuity
- Increasing symptom experience
- Change in functional status and quality of life
5. End of life care
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Using advances in research, technology, and policies to develop individualized plans of care to prevent and treat disease.
Precision medicine (Personalized medicine)
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The leading causes of cancer related death in US in order of frequency and location are : (3) in men and (3) in women.
- Men: lung, prostate and colorectal
- Women:lung, breast and colorectal
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Most cancer occur in _____.
older adults
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The incidence of cancer is slightly higher in ____ than ____.
men/women
The incidence of cancer is slightly higher in women than men.
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Cancer health disparities are ______.
Differences in cancer measures or cancer related health condition. (e.g incidence, screening rate, stage of diagnosis, morbidity, mortality)
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Cancer health disparities are most often observed among people of ______ status.
low-socio-economic
In locations where there is greater socio-economic disparity, the incidence of cancer and overall cancer death rates are higher than in regions where there is not such disparity.
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What is the pathophysiology of cancer cells?
1. Cancer begins when the cell is transformed by genetic mutations of the cell DNA.
The genetic mutation may lead to abnormalities in cell signaling transduction processes. (Signals from outside and within cells that turn the cell activities on or off.)
2. The initial genetically altered cell forms a clone and begins to proliferate abnormally, evading normal intracellular and extracellular growth-regulating processes or signals as well as immune systems defense mechanism.
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The spread of cancer.
Metastasis
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-
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Pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin.
Associated with increased malignant potential.
Anaplasia
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malignant transformation or also called the
carcinogenesis
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what are the 3 steps of carcinogenesis?
(ipp)
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
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agents that promote or initiate or promote malignant transformation are referred to as ____
carcinogens
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can both initiate and promote development of cancer (e.g, cigarettes smoking, asbestos)
complete carcinogens
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These substances can cause cancer such as chemicals, physical factors or biologic agents that causes mutation in DNA.
Carcinogens
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Normally, carcinogens are ______ by ______.
Normally, carcinogens are reversed by DNA repair mechanisms. Or the changes initiate apoptosis.
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Programmed cell death
apoptosis
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What happens during the promotion phase of carcinogens?
The repeated exposure to promoting agents causes proliferation and expansion of initiated cells with increased expression or manifestations of abnormal genetic information.
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Promotion of cancer cells is reversible if
the promoting substance is removed (a key focus ij the prevention of cancer)
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