Health and Human SAC 5

• High-income countries:
• Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States

GNI per capita (US dollars) greater than $13,206

• - Availability of social support services such as social welfare
• - Higher levels of education attainment
• - Lower population growth
• - Improved social security
• - Access to improved sanitation
• - Higher agricultural productivity
• - Access to healthcare
• - Improved infrastructure

• Middle-income countries:
• Bangladesh, Cambodia, Argentina, Malaysia, Turkey, and Vanuatu

GNI per capita (US dollars) = $1086 to $13205

• - women often experience high levels of discrimination and less access to education
• - level of support for human rights varies
• - level of literacy and education varies
• - some people earn a lot of money, but there are still high levels of poverty
• - economic growth is high
• - the quality of water and sanitation varies
• - quality of roads and housing varies

• Low-income countries:
• Afghanistan, Chad, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone

GNI per capita (US dollars) = less than $1085

• - a lack of social support such as welfare
• - low levels of education attainment
• - high population growth
• - poor access to improved sanitation
• - Poor access to healthcare
• - less infrastructure

the value of a country's total annual income (expressed in usd), divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country's citizens

(per capita = average amount per person)

PMESS

The overall health of an individual or a population, taking into account various factors such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk. 

• - Life expectancy
• - Mortality (infant, under-5, maternal)
• - Morbidity

A measure of the impact of disease and injury

DALY (disability adjusted life years) -> Years of life lost + years of life lost due to disability

"Individuals in low-income countries are less likely to access clean water than those in high-income countries."

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

• - Economic
• - Environmental
• - Social

Involves the efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met. 

• - managing debt
• - increasing incomes
• - building industry

Involves making decisions and implementing practices that minimise the degradation of the planet, and having an awareness of natural resources and fragility of the physical environment. 

• - responsible development of infrastructure
• - responsible agricultural productivity
• - reducing emissions

Equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future

• - social support systems
• - high employment
• - sustainable birth rates

The process of increasing the opportunities and freedoms that people have to develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.

• - expand choices
• - enhance capabilities
• - access knowledge/health
• - participate in community

• Sample answer:
• "Education can develop capabilities in relation to numeracy and literacy. With these skills, a person is likely to have more choice in relation to the careers they pursue in the future."

Measures and ranks countries' levels of social and economic development 

A measure of the level of human development in a country. It combines socio-economic factors of a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.

• - A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING (gni per capita)
• - KNOWLEDGE (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling)
• - LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE (life expectancy at birth)

• Very high: 0.8 or above
• High: 0.7 - 0.799
• Medium: 0.550 - 0.699
• Low: less than 0.550

• Advantages:
• - widespread use which makes it easier to compare development levels
• - global patterns can be observed over time
• - doesn't focus solely on economic development

• Disadvantages:
• - data sourced from LIC may be unreliable
• - GNI does not measure unequal distribution within a country
• - HDI reflects long-term changes such as life expectancy and may not accurately reflect recent short-term changes

• Enables:
• - drinking, cleaning, cooking, generating electricity

• Can cause:
• contaminated water can cause waterborne diseases which leads to diarrhea (malnutrition)

• Impacts:
• health status-
• Women and children spend hours collecting it rather than focusing on education or working
• Inability to grow crops or keep livestock leads to lack of food and inability to earn an income

Refers to the interventions that reduce human exposure to diseases by providing a clean environment in which to live.

• Involves:
• - the use of flushing toilets or latrines
• - facilities for washing hands
• - elimination of open defecation 

• Impacts:
• health status-
• - Lack of access to toilets is particularly dangerous for women
• burden of disease-
• - Poor sewage removal increases risk of contaminated water that people will consume

Is not just a low income; it is also lack of access to resources such as food, safe water and sanitation, healthcare services, shelter and essential goods - all basic human requirements 

Extreme poverty (living on less than $2.15 USD per day)

• Impacts:
• - often have reduced access to education and healthcare
• - lack a decent standard of living as a result of reduced access to life enhancing resources (spiritual)
• - lower literacy rates which may lead to unemployment

• Can cause:
• health status-
• - higher rates of infectious diseases such as malaria (mortality)
• burden of disease-
• - higher rates of DALY (lack of access to healthcare)

When a person, or group of people, is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics such as age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status

• Impacts:
• health status-
• not all people experience basic human rights (spiritual)
• discrimination based on sex often results in women having reduced power, opportunities and access to resources compared to men

• Can cause:
• Having lower life expectancy and higher rates of premature death 
• Higher rates of infectious diseases (morbidity/mortality)

• Refers to the advertising and selling of goods and services across the world 
• - cigarettes, alcohol, soft drinks, and fast foods in developing countries 

double burden of disease: characterized by the co-existence of communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases within the one country. 

• Impacts:
• - global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol, and processed foods
• - increased access to tobacco, alcohol, and processed foods leads to a double burden of disease
• - money spent on these products is money not spent on education or life enhancing resources

Patterns of social, environmental and economic activity that will leave a future effect and require action to be taken at a global level. 

• CLIMATE CHANGE
• relates to the increase in average temperatures experienced on Earth. 
• - rising sea levels (people move out of homes due to flooding)
• - more extreme weathers (extreme heat)
• - changing weather patterns (affects growing of crops)

• CONFLICT AND MASS MIGRATION
• conflict - a violent situation or period of fighting
• migration 
• mass migration
• impacts:
• - injuries and loss of life
• - destruction of infrastructure such as schools and hospitals
• - war crimes such as rape and child soldiers

• WORLD TRADE
• impacts:
• increased economic growth and employment 
• environmental degradation

• - increased and more effective communication
• - privacy and safety concerns
• - greater access to healthcare
• - improved disaster preparedness

Gross national income per capita to classify countries as either high- middle- or low-income countries

• 1085
• 1086-13205
• 13206