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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) :
In both males and females FSH regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.
In males FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes.
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Luteinizing Hormone LH:
In females, induces ovulation and stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progestins
In males, stimulates the prop duct ion and secretion of male sex hormones, including testosterone.
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Main function of the smooth endoplamic reticulum:
Other function of the smooth ER is:
- Is the detocxification and remove harmful metabolic products.
- Which is why the liver has so many.
Other functions include the synthesis of lipids and steroids, and the storage and metabolism of calcium ions.
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Describe 1 cycle of of contraction and relaxation (1 complete heart beat) :
-Ventricular relaxation: The AV and SL valves are closed, and the ventricles are relaxed
-Ventricular filling: The AV valves open. Blood fills the ventricles.
-Ventricular contraction: The AV valves close and the ventricles contract, the the SL valves remain closed. Pressure in the ventricles increases.
-Ventricular ejection: Pressure in the ventricles forces open the SL valves, forcing out blood. This phase end when the ventricles relax and the SL valve closes.
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Renal cortex:
The external and light blown layer of the kidney. Site of filtration of deoxygenated blood
Glomeruli, proximal and distal consulates tubules are located in the outer cortex. S
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Renal medulla:
Is the internal, dark brown layer of the kidney. It is where the kidney’s primary function occurs: filtering waste materials and eliminating fluid from the body.
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Tendon:
Ligaments:
Muscles to bone—inelastic but flexible cords of fibrous collagen tissue
Bone to bone or cartilage to bone—flexible short bands of fibrous tissues. Holds joints together
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3 basic components of homeostatic control mechanisms
Receptors :
Integrators:
Effectors:
Sense environmental stimuli and send information to the integrator
Process the info and order responses to the stimuli
Carry out the order of the integrator and respond to the stimuli
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Which gland is the main sweat gland?
Eccrine glands. AKA merocrine glands
They are located all over the body but there are more found in the palms of the hands, the feet and head..
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Axial skeleton:
Appendicular skeleton:
Bones connected to the trunk and head that support the weight and protext its internal tissues
Bones that extend from the truck: legs, arms, feet, hands
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5 classes of Immunoglobulins (Igs) : Name the 5 classes and its specific defense function
IgA: main function is to keep viruses and bacterial from attaching to epithelial surfaces. Found in body secretions, including salamis, perspiration, tears, and colostrum.
IgD: mostly found in external membranes of B cells. Most likely work as a antigen receptor that is required for initiating the differentiation of B cells into forms that produce specific antibodies against antigens.
IgE: tiny fraction of the total antibodies in the blood. When triggered by an antigens, iGE antibodies cause cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause and allergic reaction.
IgG: the most common circulating antibody. It crosses blood vessels, enters tissue fluids and crosses the placenta. It protects against bacteria, virus’s, and toxins circulating in the blood and lymph. Also trigger the action of the complement system.
IgM: first circulating antibody that respond to an initial exposure to an antigen. They are large and have many antigen-binding sites.
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Which immunoglobulin is the FIRST circulating antibody that responds to an initial exposure to an antigen?
IgM
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Which immunoglobulin immunoglobulin is large and has many antigen-binding sites?
IgM
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Which immunoglobulin trigger the action of the complement system?
IgG
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Which immunoglobulin cause cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic reaction?
IgE
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Which immunoglobulin is found in salamis, perspiration, tears and colostrum? What is this Igs main function?
IgA. Main function is to keep viruses and bacteria from attaching to epithelial surfaces.
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Which immunoglobulin is mostly found on the external membranes of B cells?
IgD
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What is the most common circulating immunoglobulin ?
IgG
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What is interferon? When is it released and why?
Proteins released by the body’s immune system cells when exposed to a virus. They travels to the body’s uninflected body cells and produce enzymes that prevent the virus from entering and infecting.
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What is compliment in regard to the immune system?
It is the name for proteins that respond and work to clear out pathogens and debris. They attack pathogens, promote inflammation, and remove damaged cells.
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Where are B-cells and T cells initiated?
Bone marrow
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T cells become mature thanks to the ________
Thymus
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What is the main role of B cells?
Adaptive immunity. Each B cells is programmed to produce a specific antibody in respond to a different antigen.
Help at preventing illness from a previous encountered pathogen.
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Three types of T cells that play a specific role in adaptive immunity:
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-CD8+ (killer cells)
-CD4+ (helper cells)
-Regulator T cells (suppressor T cells)
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CD8+
1 of 3 T cells
(killer cells) directly kill virus infected cells by producing cytotoxins that kills infected cells
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CD4+
1 of 3 T cells
Helper cells
Indirectly kills invading cells by determining and guiding how other parts of the immune system should respond to perceived threat.
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Regulatory T Cells
1 of 3 T cells
Suppressor T Cells
Provide the mechanism called tolerance, whereby immune cells distinguish invading cells from the body’s own cells
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Two types of sweat glands? Which is most abundant? Which is most active when person is in pain, upset or frightened?
Two types: Eccrine glands and apocrine glands
Eccrine gland is most abundant and everywhere. Thermo-regulation
Apocrine glands are focused mostly in the armpit and pubic region. Release sweat when in pain, emotionally upset or frightened.
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What is the dermal papillae?
Outer most layer of the dermis. This layer strengthens the junction between the dermis and epidermis. Blood vessels in the layer nourish hair follicles no bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of the epidermal cells.
Appears as ridges. It is our fingerprint and toe print.
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