Ch 37 Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange

pink puffers - because can't fully exhale 

Alveoli enlarge permanently and disintegrate. The lungs lose their elasticity, and expiration becomes an active process.

blue bloaters - hypoxic because can't taake in air 


Characterized by excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passageways, which severely impairs ventilation and gas exchange.

Decrease in arterial blood oxygen levels that results in a decrease in tissue oxygenation.

• Hypoxemia can occur as the result of hypoventilation, diffusion impairement, shunt, and ventilation–perfusion impairment.
• increase ventilation to compensate, increases production of rbc, clubbing

• increase in CO2
• alteration in respiratory function or rate decrease per minute

The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity between the two layers

blood in plueral capivty

accumulation of air causes partial or complete collapse of lung

tension pneumothorax, air in thorax collapsing lung

Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura. usually unilateral and tends to be localized to the lower and lateral part of the chest

An incomplete expansion of the lung, a partial expansion of the lung, which is caused by obstruction or compression of lung tissue.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways that causes episodes of airway obstruction due to bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity and airway inflammation. The episodes usually are reversible.

Emphysema is generally caused by cigarette smoking or long-term exposure to certain industrial pollutants or dusts.

Barrel chest :air trapping and hyperinflation. Pink buffer: difficulty catching breath.

It is characterized by a loss of lung elasticity, abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces

It is caused by inflammation of major(Chronic irritation, inflammation, and recurrent infection ) and small airways and is characterized by edema and hyperplasia of submucosal glands and excess mucus secretion into the bronchial tree.

It is characterized by airway obstructions and weak, dilated bronchial wall associated with infection and destruction of the bronchial walls.

Autosomal recessive genetic disorder manifested by chronic lung disease, pancreatic exocrine deficiency, and elevation of sodium chloride in the sweat.

P. aeruginosa and other organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus.

affects pancreas

by fibrosis and decreased compliance of the lung

Pulmonary thrombo emboli are blood clots that originate in the systemic venous system and become lodged in a pulmonary blood vessel as they move from the right heart into and through the pulmonary circulation.

most common from legs, femoral blood clot

Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure

It may arise as a primary disorder of the pulmonary arteries in which an abnormal thickening of the vessel wall increases the resistance to blood flow, or as a secondary disorder due to chronic lung disorders or environmental conditions that produce hypoxemia

Right heart failure caused by primary pulmonary disease and long-standing pulmonary hypertension.

Acute respiratory failure is a condition in which the lungs fail to oxygenate the blood adequately (hypoxemic respiratory failure) or prevent undue retention of carbon dioxide (hypercapnic/hypoxemic respiratory failure). The causes of respiratory failure are many.