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Neoplasm
- abnromal mass of tissue in which growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues
- don't follow laws of normal cell growth
- grow at expense to host
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cell preliferation
inherent adaptive mechanism for cell replacement when old cells die or additional cells are needed.
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cell apoptosis
A form of programmed cell death that eliminates senescent cells, cells with damaged DNA, or unwanted cells.
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cell differentiation
The process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace.
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Metastasis
- malignant neoplasm
- some secrete hormone, cytokines, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (increase blood supply to the tumour, usually in embryonic development)
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body organs are made of 2 types of tissue
parenchymal and stomal/supporting
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parenchymal tissue
functional component of an organ
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supporting tissue
extracellular matrix and connective tiusse that surrounds parenchymal tissue
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2 types of malignant neoplasm
- solid tumour: usually confied to organ or specific tissue
- hematologic cancers: normally found in blood and lymphy
carcinoma in situ- localised, preinvasive lesion, cells haven't crossed basement membrane
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2 features of cancer cells
abrnomal and rapid proliferation, and loss of differentaition
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anaplasia
loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue
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pleomorphism
cells in nuceli display variation in shape and size
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aneuploidy
nuclei contain an abnormal number of chromosomes
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genetic instablity
- hallmark of cancers
- cancer cells have mutation in phenotype. leads to progression of cancer
- e.g. chromosomes lost or gained (aneuploidy),
- insertions, deletions, or amplifications (intrachomosomal instablity)
- point mutation (microsatellite instablity)
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growth factor independence
cancer cells proliferate even in absence of growth factors
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3 pathways cancer spreads
- direct invasion and extension
- seeding of cancer cells in body cavities
- metastatic spread through vascular or lympahic pathways
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etiology of cancer
- molecular and cellular origins and mechanisms
- external and contextual causative factors (age, heredity, environmental agents)
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hosts and environmental factors of cancer
- heredity
- hormones
- immunologyic
- chemical
- radiation
- oncogenic viruses
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tissue integrity
tissue can distrupt function and sstrucutre of normal tissue
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systemic manephestation
cancer can have widespread fffects on the body, causing symptoms that affect multiple systems
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parenoplastic syndromes
- some cancers can produce substances that affect distant tissues, causing symtoms unrelated to primary tumour location
- e.g. neurological or hormonal abnormalities
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