MRB 134 Finals

• The deep ocean is generally defined as the depth at which light begins to dwindle, typically around 200 meters (656 feet) to the
• ocean floor.

The deep sea is known for its high pressure, complete darkness, and frigid temperatures

• - Hydrolagus affinis
• - Chimaeridae family
• - 300 - 3000 m
• - diets consist of small fishes and invertebrates
• -  often called a "living fossil"
• - brown or gray shades.
• - fish's specialized "rostral organ" helps it locate prey in dark waters.

• - Bathymodiolus thermophilus
• - 2450 - 2850 m
• - found in Hydrothermal vents in East Pacific Rise
• - have a symbiotic relationship with  chemosynthetic bacteria
• - converting chemical energy into food and supporting other
• organisms that rely on this energy source

• chemosynthetic bacteria, residing in their gills and using
• chemicals from the vent fluid to produce food through chemosynthesis. In return, the mussels provide a habitat and nutrients to the bacteria.

• - Pseudoliparis swirei
• - Liparidae family
• - 6,000 meters to over 8,000 meters
• - Mariana Trench
• - diet consist of small invertebrates
• - ability to endure the immense pressures found at great
• depths

• - smalleyed rabbitfish
• - hot vent mussle
• - marina snailfish

- comprises organic particles and waste sinking through ocean water, including remnants of plankton, algae, fecal matter, and other organic substances.

- hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, and whale falls

• - These are found along mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates spread apart.
• - They release mineral-rich fluids heated by magma beneath the Earth's crust.
• - The chemicals in these fluids, such as hydrogen sulfide, support chemosynthetic bacteria

• - areas where hydrocarbon-rich fluids seep out of the seafloor.
• - Similar to hydrothermal vents, cold seeps support chemosynthetic bacteria

- When a whale dies and sinks to the ocean floor, it creates a temporary but rich ecosystem known as a whale fall and it can support a complex biological community for up to 50 years.

• - "mobile scavengers" like hagfishes and sleeper sharks are the first to appear at a whale-fall site.
• - The nutrient content of whale carcasses is equal to 2,000
• years' worth of marine snow.
• - The duration of this stage varies, typically lasting from weeks to several months,

• - Scavengers release nutrients into the water as they consume
• the soft tissues of the whale.
• - Nutrient-rich environment attracts bacteria, worms, and
• crustaceans, which feed on remaining organic matter.
• - Rare nature of whale-falls ensures that nothing goes to
• waste, prompting opportunistic organisms to burrow into
• surrounding sediment in search of leftovers.

• - Specialized bacteria break down lipids in whale bones, producing sulfides during this stage.
• - Sulfides support thriving communities of organisms, including dense bacterial mats, mussels, and tube worms.
• - A single whale skeleton can host over 30,000 organisms in some cases during this sulfophilic stage.

• ● Light
• ● Pressure
• ● Temperature
• ● Oxygen

- potential predators, food, mates, competitors or symbionts

• In the deep sea, light diminishes rapidly with depth, creating perpetual darkness beyond around 200 meters.
• - adaptation: Bioluminescence, a chemical reaction in a microbe or animal body that creates light without heat
• - 6 functions: headlight, social signal, lure, counterillumination, burglar alarm, confusing predators
• - ex: Female deep-sea anglerfish, humpback blackdevil

• - Deep-sea organisms face extreme pressure, exceeding 1,000 times the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
• - adaptation : flexible bodies, internal fluids that resist compression, and specialized structures that prevent collapse
• - Some species, like the barrel-eye fish, have fluid-filled spaces in their bodies that equalize pressure, allowing them to thrive at depths where most organisms would be crushed.
• - TMAO - trimethylamine N-oxide

- The molecule found in cells that produces the protective effect

• - The deep sea is characterized by cold temperatures, ranging from near freezing to a few degrees Celsius
• - adaptation: Slow metabolism and insulation.

• - oxygen availability decreases with depth in the ocean due to reduced mixing with surface waters and limited photosynthesis
• - adaptation: respiratory adaptations and behavioral responses such as vertical migration
• - ex: Spinoloricus Cinzia, the first animals that can survive and reproduce entirely without oxygen, deep on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea.

• 1. Body Color: for camouflage and protection from predators
• ex: (Hatchetfish)
• 2. Reproduction: parasitic-like relationship for life
• ex: deep-sea anglerfish
• 3. Gigantism: to become truly enormous in size
• ex:(Giant squid)

True

- These species reproduce and grow to maturity very slowly, such that populations may take decades to recover after being overfished.

• - 149 years (wild) - Hoplostethus atlanticus (Orange roughy)
• - 73 years - Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Pacific rat-tail)

- are the result of seawater penetrating down through fissures in the ocean crust in the vicinity of spreading centers or subduction zones (places on Earth where two tectonic plates move away or towards one another). The cold seawater is heated by hot magma and reemerges to form the vents. Seawater in hydrothermal vents may reach temperatures of over 700° Fahrenheit.

- Hydrothermal vents are habitats. Despite having no light for sunlight- driven food production, vent sites support diverse communities of animals adapted to produce food using chemical energy, via a process known as chemosynthesis.

• - the process of making food from inorganic compounds, such as
• hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide.

• 1. Riftia pachyptila (Giant tubeworm)
• 2. Alvinella pompejana (Pompeii worm)
• 3. Kiwa hirsuta (Yeti Crab)

• - Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
• - Submersibles
• - Buoys

• - allow us to explore the ocean without actually being in the ocean.
• - unmanned underwater robots
• - Used for visual surveys, sample collection, and various tasks at great depths.

- Manned or unmanned submersibles are deployed for in-depth exploration of specific areas.

- are floating devices that are anchored to the seabed or float on the water's surface.

• 1. Navigation Buoys - mark navigational channels, hazards, and other important points for safe passage of vessels.
• 2. Mooring Buoys - are used to secure boats, ships, or other watercraft in a fixed position.
• 3. Weather Buoys - are equipped with sensors to monitor meteorological and oceanographic conditions.
• 4. Research Buoys - used for scientific research and environmental monitoring in marine ecosystems.

• Natural threats
• - Geological Events
• - Climate Change
• - Biological Events

• Man-made threats
• - Overfishing
• - Pollution
•  Deep-Sea Mining

• Aiding natural threats
• - Conservation and Protection
• - Monitoring and Research
• - Resilience Building

• Aiding man-made threats
• - Public Awareness and Education
• - Pollution Prevention and Remediation
• - Sustainable Fisheries Management

- are marine animals that resemble miniature sea anemones. They are misunderstood as plants because they don’t move (sessile) much and they look like trees.

True

• polyps produce a hard skeleton
• made of calcium carbonate.

• - a marine ecosystem composed of diverse communities of
• corals, fish, invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms living
• in close association with each other.

• - use stinging cells called nematocyst
• - sessile - lack of a means of self-locomotion
• - relies on the photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae

- These algae live within the coral tissues and provide essential nutrients through photosynthesis. In return, corals offer shelter and access to sunlight for the zooxanthellae.

True

• Sexual reproduction-
• release of gametes into the water where fertilization occurs, leading to the formation of larvae that settle and grow into new colonies.
• Asexual reproduction
• budding or fragmentation

• - also known as stony coral, produce a rock-like skeleton made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Hard corals are primary reef building corals.
• - Hard corals that form reefs are called hermatypic corals.

• soft and bendable. They do not have stony skeletons and do not
• form reefs. Due to lacking stony skeletons
• - ahermatypic corals

• 1.Great Barrier Reef, Australia
• 2. Raja Ampat, Indonesia
• 3. Coral Reefs of Maldives
• 4. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines
• 5. Papua New Guinea

• 1. Branching
• ex: Staghorn Coral
• 2. massive
• ex: Brain Coral
• 3. solitary
• ex: Fungia spp.
• 4. Encrusting
• ex: Porites sp.
• 5. Colonial
• ex:Elkhorn coral
• 6. Foliaceous
• ex:Leaf Coral

microorganisms, sea turtles or reptiles, predators and prey, water temp., light availability, salinity

curents & tides, sedimentations, weather impacts

• 1. Spawning:
• corals release gametes (eggs and sperm) into the water column
• 2. Fertilization
• fertilized eggs develop into free-swimming larvae called
• planulae. 
• 3. Planulae Dispersal:
• dispersal allows them to colonize new areas and find suitable substrate for settlement.
• 4. Settlement:
• where they undergo metamorphosis and develop into polyps.

• 1. Budding:
• a new polyp develops as an outgrowth from the parent polyp.
• 2. Fragmentation:
• where a piece of the coral colony breaks off and develops into a new colony.

- promotes genetic diversity, which enhances resilience to environmental stressors

• - rapid colony
• expansion and recovery from disturbances

• 1. Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris
• 2. Sea Anemone, Actiniaria
• 3. Lionfish, Pterois volitans
• 4. Parrotfish, Scarus psittacus
• 5.Giant Clam, Tridacna gigas

• 1. Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus
• 2.  Barracuda, Sphyraena

• 1. Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci)
• 2. Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans)

• 1. Fire Coral, Millepora alcicornis
• 2. Staghorn Coral, Acropora robusta
• 3. Lesser Valley Coral, Platygyra sinensis
• 4. Cauliflower Coral, Pocillopora damicornis
• 5.Finger Coral, Montipora digitata

• 1. Mushroom Leather Coral, Sarcophyton trocheliophorum
• 2. Sea fan, Gorgonia sp.
• 3. Finger Leather Coral, Sinularia sp.
• 4. Colt Coral, Cladiella sp.
• 5.  Pulsing Coral, Zenia sp.

• 1. Coral acidification
• 2. Coral bleaching
• 3. Geologic events
• 4. Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS)

• 1. Physical damage or destruction
• 2. Overfishing
• 3. Coral harvesting
• 4. Pollution
• 5. Sedimentation
• 6. Toxic substances

- Coral reefs provide a backdrop for a rich variety of fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Food chains weave seamlessly into food webs producing a colorful tapestry of life.

• Filipinos have established
• Tubbataha Reef as a national marine park and
• UNESCO World Heritage Site. Communities that
• rely on coral reefs are learning that wise actions
• today mean healthy reefs for future generations.

• 1. Polar regions: support unique marine ecosystems adapted to extreme cold
• 2.Temperate zones: Kelp forests, seagrass meadows, and various fish species characterize these areas
• 3. Tropical oceans: often associated with coral reefs
• 4. Deep Sea: extreme pressures and darkness of the abyss.

• - Biodiversity Hotspots
• - Carbon Sequestration
• - Nutrient Cycling
• - Economic Value (Fisheries, Tourism, Pharmaceuticals)

• Essential when determining the creatures that may thrive in a
• specific area.

• These changes have an impact on species and ecosystem
• distributions.

• This light gradient is especially crucial to coral reefs and other
• shallow-water habitats.

Oxygen availability changes throughout the water column and is an important consideration for marine life.

poses distinct obstacles to creatures living at these depths.

These cycles ensure the productivity of marine life.

• 1. Open Ocean
• 2. Deep Sea
• 3. Salt Marshes
• 4. Mangrove Forests
• 5. Seagrass Meadows
• 6. Kelp Forests
• 7. Coral Reefs 
• 8. Polar Marine
• 9. Sandy Beach
• 10. Rocky Marine

• 1. Pollution
• 2. Overfishing
• 3. Ecosystem Degradation

• Physical resources
• - things that are not part of life processes
• Biological resources
• - anything attributed to lifeforms

• - Marine mineral resources
• - Marine energy resources
• - Marine food resources

• - petroleum
• - offshore wind energy
• - over fishing

• brought the wonder of the oceans to people through television. As scuba diving technology improved, more people took to the
• undersea world. Whale song fascinated ppl

• 1. Marine Mammal Protection Act - protection of marine mammals
• 2. Endangered Species Act - protection of endangered species
• 3. Magnuson Stevens Act - overfishing
• 4. Clean Water Act - clean water
• 5. Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act - establishing a National Marine Sanctuary Program

• 1. Enforcing and creating law
• 2. Establishing marine protected area
• 3. Conducting stock assessments
• 4. Mitigating human activities
• 5. Outreach and Education

• 1. Dalipuga
• 2. Tomas Cabili
• 3. Maria Cristina
• 4. Buru-un

• 1. Ocean acidification
• 2. Pollution
• 3. Overfishing

• Fish - sardines, anchovies
• Crustaceans - crabs, shrimp, krill, lobster
• Cephalopods - octopus, squid
• Mollusks - clams, cockles, scallops
• Algae - seaweed

• 1. Encrasicholina oligobranchus
• 2. Sardinella tawilis

• 1. Portunus pelagicus
• 2. Penaeus Monodonrustaceans
• 3. Panulirus versicolor

• 1. Octopus pumilus
• 2. Euprymna berryi

• 1. Tridacna gigas
• 2. Cerastoderma edule
• 3. Amusium pleuronectes

• 1. Eucheuma alvarezii
• 2. Caulerpa sertularioides