Hyperplasia involves the growth of _____ by increasing their cell _____ and is _____.
A. cells, number, reversible
Do the cells in a bodybuilder's muscles undergo hypertrophy or hyperplasia? Why?
C. They undergo hypertrophy because, in order to accommodate the stresses being put on the muscles, the cells grow.
What is hypertrophy?
B. An increase in cell size
Which of the following statements about benign tumors is TRUE?
C. They do not metastasize.
The transformation of one adult cell type to another is known as _____.
C. metaplasia
After a pap-smear a pre-cancerous sign was observed. This sign was probably _____.
C. dysplasia
A more severe form of hypoplasia is called _____.
A. aplasia
A severe form of improper development of an organ or tissue is known as _____.
A. aplasia
A patient who was bedridden for 3 months is now exhibiting a reduction in muscle volume. This is an example of _____.
C. atrophy
Very low temperature can cause a cell's injury or death by:
a. Causing the formation of water crystals that slice the cell open.
b.Keeping it close.
c. Allowing the flow of blood.
Causing the formation of water crystals that slice the cell open.
Ionizing radiation produces free radicals that _____.
B. destroy or disrupt a cell's process resulting in death.
Which of the following is known as the death of body tissue as the result of cold temperatures?
b. Oncogenes
a. Gangrene
c. Myoglobinuria
very high temperature can cause injury to a cell by all of the following EXCEPT:
B. By repairing the lipid bilayer.
A patient comes into the ER hospital and you are assigned the case. You notice he's had both of his legs massively crushed in a bad accident. After running some blood tests it's obvious the patient has myoglobinemia, or high levels of myoglobin in the blood. Furthermore, a urine sample reveals very dark brown urine. What should you directly be concerned about based on these facts?
C. Kidney failure
Endotoxins are sometimes called:
B. Lipopolysaccharides
Endotoxins are part of a _____.
C. bacterium's cell wall
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?
A. They're a type of bacterium.
How are tetanus and botulism similar?
C. They're both caused by exotoxins.
The type of toxin that is released by a bacterium while it is still alive is known as an:
A. Exotoxin
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
B. Vitamin B
Cushing's syndrome is also known as:
B. Hyperadrenocorticism
Why is a deficiency of vitamin D dangerous?
A. It can lead to conditions like rickets and osteomalacia.
Water-soluble vitamins include:
B. Vitamins B and C
A condition where a mother's antibodies cross the placenta to destroy her child's red blood cells is called:
C. Erythroblastosis fetalis
If a cell cannot undergo apoptosis and isn't damaged enough to undergo necrosis, then it may be killed _____
A. by a white blood cell that recognizes that it's damaged.
What of the following is TRUE about apoptosis?
B. Apoptosis causes a cell to shrink.
A tumor suppressor protein involved in signaling a cell to a cell death is called _____
C. p53
Which of the following statements explains Necrosis?
C. Occurs when cells die prematurely as a result of some sort of traumatic event.
Apoptosis is also known as _____
A. programmed cell death.
What protein is the most important activator of cellular destruction?
B. Caspases
Imagine that you are a cell in the body and you notice the cell next to you is suddenly behaving rather oddly. It is growing and looks like it's going to divide when no signal has been given to do so. The immune cells nearby don't seem to notice anything strange even when you send out distress signals. You also stop sending your survival signals to it to see what it does, and there's no effect. What is probably happening to the cell?
B. The cell has suppressed its apoptotic machinery and has become cancerous.
Which of the following is NOT an apoptotic pathway?
B. Membrane blebbing
Cell suicide or programmed cell death is called what?
A. Apoptosis
Which of the following is TRUE regarding apoptosis
C. Apoptotic cells are cannibalized and reused by other cells.
How can a microscope be used to detect cell swelling?
B. Cells undergoing cell swelling will appear cloudy or pale as the accumulation of water induces dilution.
The body's energy currency is known as:
A. ATP
Which of the following statements about cellular swelling is TRUE?
a. It is an early indicator of potentially reversible cellular injury.
b. It is an indicator of irreversible cellular injury.
c . It does not occur in cells; rather, it only occurs in the extracellular matrix.
a. It is an early indicator of potentially reversible cellular injury.
Put the following steps of cell swelling in the correct order:
C. Injury, reduction of ATP, inability to control sodium entry into the cell, water influx into the cell, vacuolar degeneration
Cell swelling is also known as:
B. Hydropic degeneration
Barry has an area of skin that has turned a dark, reddish-black. When the doctor looks at the affected cells under a microscope, they have preserved their cellular architecture but the proteins are denatured. He tells Barry that he has gangrene. What form of necrosis does Barry have?
B. Coagulation necrosis
A granuloma is a collection of many immune cells, including macrophages, that occurs as a result of a long-standing disease process. Since you know that granulomas are associated with chronic, or long term, disease processes, then you can deduce that some granulomas are most likely to be associated with which kind of necrosis?
C. Caseous necrosis
Immune mediated vasculitis is an inflammation of blood vessels as a result of an aberrant immune system. Which type of necrosis would be most likely associated with this condition?
C. Fibrinoid necrosis
What is the most common type of necrosis in the central nervous system?
B. Liquefactive necrosis
A patient presents to your clinic with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and elevated levels of amylase and lipase in the blood. The latter two are two enzymes that are used by the pancreas to help digest carbohydrates and fats, respectively. On further examination with abdominal ultrasound you are pretty sure this patient has acute pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas. If left untreated, which of the following would you be most worried about with respect to this lesson's content?
B. Fat necrosis
Which group of diseases involves a complex sugar?
C. glycogen storage diseases
Emma goes to the doctor because she has brown pigmentation in her eyes. Why might the doctor diagnose her with lipofuscinosis?
A. Lipofuscinosis is a pigmentation disease.
Which of the following is an example of accumulation of improper proteins?
C. amyloidosis
Which of the following is an example of accumulation of improper proteins?
C. lysosomal storage disorders
The over accumulation of iron has been implicated in which of the following?
B. hemochromatosis
If an artery is obstructed, resulting in tissue hypoxia, this is an example of which of the following?
B. Ischemia
If the hemoglobin is unable to let go of tightly bound oxygen molecules, the resulting hypoxia is a result of which of the following?
C. Carbon monoxide toxicity
What is the term for the complete lack of oxygen supply or utilization to part of, or the entire, body?
C. Anoxia
The causes of anemia include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Obstructed or constricted vasculature
If there is plenty of oxygen in the blood but none of it can be utilized by the tissues that are receiving it, this type of hypoxia is indicative of which of the following?
B. Cyanide toxicity
When is cell swelling no longer reversible?
B. If the injury is too severe or the cell can't quickly compensate for the swelling which results in death.
June contracted malaria after a recent trip to sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of her malaria, she experienced significant swelling of her spleen, otherwise known as _____.
B. Splenomegaly
When is cell swelling no longer reversible?
B. lymphadenopathy
How does inflammation cause a tissue to swell?
B. White blood cells rush into the area to kill off bacteria and cause the blood vessels to swell and engorge with blood.
The following picture is an example of which type of tissue swelling?
A. A goiter
Compare prostaglandins to leukotrienes. Select the answer which most accurately matches your own.
B. Leukotrienes are formed by the enzyme lipooxygenase whereas prostaglandins are formed by the enzyme cyclooxygenase. They both dilate blood vessels but leukotrienes attract leukocytes to the area and prostaglandins mediate pain.
Which molecule is responsible for attracting neutrophils to a damaged area in these body?
C. Leukotrienes
What is released from damaged cells in the immune response?
B. Arachidonic Acid
Which of the following are examples of eicosanoids?
C. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Which is the correct order for the inflammatory response?
C. Damage, arachidonic acid released from cell membranes, eicosanoids formed, blood vessels dilate.
