U3AOS2 Atkinson-shiffrin multistore model of memory

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information that has been previously encountered.

The process of encoding involves converting the raw information from external stimuli into a useable form which is stored in the brain for later use.

This converted information is then retained in the brain and accessed and used in the future.

Accessing information which has previously been stored in long-term memory and bringing it to conscious awareness in short-term memory.

A store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses.

• capacity: unlimited
• duration: 0.2 to 4 seconds

sensory memory that is paid attention to transfers to short term memory.

• type of sensory memory
• Temporarily stores visual information for a brief amount of time (0.2-0.4 seconds)

capacity unlimited

• type of sensory memory
• Temporarily stores auditory information or sound which is detected in the environment (3-4 seconds)

capacity unlimited

A store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated.

• Duration: 18 to 30 seconds
• Capacity: 5 to 9 pieces of information

Is a process by which you can group smaller ''chunks'' of information into larger ''chunks'' in order to hold more information in STM

eg. remembering a mobile number of 10 number grouping them into 3 chunks .

A store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time.

• capacity: unlimited
• Duration: relatively permanent

Explicit memory (also known as declarative memory): a type of long-term memory that is voluntarily and consciously retrieved

There are 2 types of explicit memories:

A type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge and facts

A type of explicit memory that consists of memories of personal experiences or autobiographical events

A type of long-term memory that is unconsciously and involuntarily retrieved

A type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks, facilitated by motor skills

A type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus

• - The neo cortex
• - Hippocampus
• - Amygdala
• - Cerebellum
• - Basal Ganglia

The hippocampus (in relation to memory) is a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories

The amygdala is primarily involved in encoding the emotional component of classically conditioned AND explicit memories

The neocortex (in relation to memory) is a brain structure that stores explicit memories

The basal ganglia (in relation to memory) is a brain structure that is involved in encoding and storing procedural memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours, or procedures.

Encode and stores implicit procedural memories, through interactions with the basal ganglia and motor cortex of the neocortex.

• Refer to memories of personally experience events.
• - 

The hippocampus is primarily involved in the retrieval of episodic memories. 

The frontal and temporal lobes in the neocortex are involved in the retrieval of semantic memories.

• Episotic personal
• - conversations with poeple at the party
• - feeling happy during the party

• General facts and knowledge
• - the location of the party
• - What flavour the cake was

Semantic memory is involved in the construction of possible imagined futures as individuals must be able to envision possible scenarios that are consistent and fit in with what they already know about the world.

Episodic memory is also involved by allowing individuals to construct a possible imagined future that is subjective and includes more richly detailed elements, such as the people involved or emotional reactions.

It is an example of a neurodegenerative disease where it involved the progressive loss of neurons in the brain characterised in memroy decline.

- symptoms are progressive, usually beginning with day to day forgetfulness.

Amyloid plaques: fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate around neurons into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons.

Neurofibrillary tangles: an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transportation of essential substances and eventually kill the neuron entirely.

- The area often damaged first is the hippocampus disrupting encoding and retrieval of semantic and edisodic memories.

- As damage spreads through the brai, the neocortex is affected, resulting in stored memories being lost and cognitive deficits.

- In the final stages, the cerebellum is affected. This results in a decline in cognitive performance, and a decline in accuracy, speed and consistency of information processing.

• memory loss typically involves:
• - events
• - words or names
• - stored knowledge
• - everday skills

Refers to the perception like experience in our conscious thought in the absence of external sensory stimuli.

- seeing something in our minds eye or hear a song in our head.

• Is the absence of volontary visual imagery.
• - people with aphantasia may not be able to visualise richly detailed and vivid episodic memories due to their inability to generate mental imagery. Additionally, while semantic memories may remain intact, the visual component of these memories may also be lacking.

- Aphantasics often struggle to retrieve autobiographical memory and construct possible imagined futures

Mnemonics are devices or techniques used to aid the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

• Written cultures: practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through writing and reading.
• E.g. acronyms, acrostics, and the method of loci

• Oral cultures: practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement
• E.g. sung narratives and Songlines

Mnemonics aid in the encoding, storage and retrieval of information by organising and linking new information to fit in with existing information in the long term memory.

• An acronym is a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word to avoid memory
• E.g. BODMAS

• An acrostic is a mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory.
• "Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix"

• A mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and assiciates them with specific locations to aid memory.
• 5 steps:
• 1. individuals visualise a familiar route
• 2. select several memorable places on the route
• 3. create visual imagery of each item that needs to be remembered
• 4. link them to one of the identified memorabl landmarks
• 5. imagiene they are along a familiar route and retrieve each item by observing the items at each lankmark

• - This method assists in the ecoding and storage of memories by visually linking them to familiar places.
• - During retrieval, mentally walking through the familiar location acts as a retrieval cue and individuals are able to retrieve the items.

Oral cultures are practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement.

- songlines and sung narratives

Sung narratives are stories that share important cultural, ecological, and survival information through the use of singing, harmony, and rhythm.

A songline is a sequence of short sung narratives associated with specific locations that are linked by a physically walked, or imagined, path through Country