BIO 101 Test 4

the elimination of all breeding individual in a population

• - species lacks the variability to adapt to environmental change
• - a new species arises due to the evolution of its ancestor species

species losses that are in a global scale, affect a large number of species, and are dramatic in impact

• caused by: temperatures plummeting, huge glaciers forming, and sea levels dropping drastically
• - was followed by a period of rapid warming and many small marine species died out

• caused by: global warning and cooling, rise and fall of sea levels, and a reduction of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• - not completely sure of the causes

• THE GREAT DYING
• caused by: anomalies in temperature, the carbon cycle, and volcanic eruptions
• - the volcanoes may have emitted clouds of ash that blocked sunlight and disrupted photosynthesis

caused by: colossal geological activity (volcanoes) that increased carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures as well as ocean acidification (CO2 and sulfuric acid)

• caused by: an asteroid hit the Earth in what is now Mexico, potentially compounded by ongoing volcanism i what is now India
• - wiped out all remaining non-avian dinosaurs

• a 10-kilometer asteroid (the Chicxulub Impactor) is believed to have collided with Earth in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico; the impact ejected material that blocked out the sun for months if not years
• - a layer of a rare element called Iridium, which is found in asteroids, can be found all over the world

• 1. habitat loss
• 2. introduced species/ disease
• 3. pollution
• 4. overexploitation (hunting)
• 5. climate change
• 1-4 are direct
• 5 is indirect

effects due to human influences

the array of resources, physical, and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support survival and reproduction of a particular species

a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (autotrophs) pass through one or more consumers (heterotrophs), and ending at apex predator species, detrivores, or decomposer species

depicts relations between species based on what they consume for energy in trophic levels

the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another

organisms brought by human activity, either accidentally or on purpose, to new environments

when pairs or groups of species adapt to each other through natural selection; a biological arms race

everyday byproducts of our daily lives - sewage, trash, agriculture and lawn chemicals, industrial and powerplant emissions, etc.- make their way via air and water into the natural environment and become pollutants

the over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous

low oxygen (hypoxic) areas in the world's oceans and lakes

resource exploitation through recreational, harvesting, or punitive methods can deplete species population density below a threshold necessary for survival

all the organisms living together in a particular habitat

the role each species plays in a community

a community of organisms (biotic) plus the non-living (abiotic) components of the environment

the degree of variability in any population of organisms (including communities and ecosystems)

all the food chains within a community

any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different species

one species benefits ad the other is harmed

both species benefit from the interaction

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefitted

one species is harmed and the other is neither harmed not benefitted

when a specific niche of some species is so important that slight changes in their fitness can have dramatic impacts on the entire food web/ environment

created to protect and encourage the population growth of threatened and endangered species

specific geological areas that contain physical and biological factors essential to the conservation of an endangered or threatened species and that may require special management and protection

strips of protected habitats linking larger protected areas, constructed to facilitate uninterrupted movement of wild animals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles between larger protected areas

seeks to restore the health, integrity, and sustainability of ecosystems that have been degraded by human activities

the movement of water between states of liquid, gas, and ice

exists as salt or fresh water

water trapped in the Earth

exists in the atmosphere

trapped in the ocean in the polar ice caps or on land in glaciers

the use and recycling of carbon on Earth

the normal process by which heat is radiated from the Earth's surface and trapped by gases in the atmosphere, helping maintain the Earth at a temperature that can support life

a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infared range

greenhouse gas that has the largest impact

greenhouse gas that absorbs the most, but is least abundant

greenhouse gas that is least absorbent, but is most abundant

large, geographical areas defined by characteristic plant life, which in turn is determined by temperature and moisture

mean and variability of meteorological  variable over a time spanning from months to millions of years

indicate periods when Earth was covered in massive ice sheets

the warmer periods between glacial periods

large, persistent bodies of ice; they hold about a third of the Earth's fresh water

the permanent layers of ice that cover both the north and south poles

a symbiotic organism composed of a mutualistic relationship between and animal (coral) and a plant (algae)