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Priming
activation of particular associations in memory (conscious or unconscious), affects how we interpret objects, persons, and events
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Exp. Participants unscrambled sentences that had elderly related words
- Result: walked to elevator slower
- Deals with: Priming
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Expectations
Preconceived notions, shapes interpretations especially of ambiguous info,
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What can Expectations affect
- -cause us to deny contradictory info and accept only supportive
- -affect how we see and interpret another’s behavior
- -can affect our memories
- -shape behavior
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exp. Students who were pro Israeli and pro Arab watched a non biased news reporter talking about the war
- Result: Pro Israeli students thought the report was anti Israeli, and pro Arab students thought it was pro Israeli
- Deals with: Expectations
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
elief or expectation that brings about its own fulfillment. Ex believing another nation is violent may lead one to act more defensively thereby making that nation act more aggressively
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Confirmation Bias
Tendency to seek evidence that would confirm a hypothesis
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Exp. Trying to find out whether a woman was introvert
- Result: questions were about non social behavior
- Deals with: Confirmation Bias
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Belief perseverance
Reluctance to change our beliefs in spite of disconfirming evidence
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Constructive memory
changes in memories that occur because of current goals, and new info
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Misinformation effect
incorporating new or false info into a memory
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Overconfidence
we tend to be more confident than accurate
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Exp. Predict how well they knew their roommate
- Result: predictions less accurate
- Deals with: overconfidence
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Planning fallacy
we underestimate time it takes to complete tasks
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Counterfactual Thinking
Imagining alternative outcomes or scenarios
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Exp. Watching footage of Olympic athletes receiving medals
- Result: Bronze medalists judged happier than Silver
- Deals with: Counterfactual thinking
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Illusory Thinking
Belief that we can control things which we really can’t, ex dice players “throwing hard” for a high number
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Exp. Participants buying lottery tickets
- Result: willing to pay more for a ticket when they can choose the numbers
- Deals with: Illusion of Control
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Attribution
judging the cause of something
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Attribution Theory
how people make attributions about their own and other’s behaviors (are they acting that way cause of themselves or the situation)
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Dispositional Attribution
attributing behavior to person’s traits or abilities
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Situational Attribution
attributing behavior to the environment
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Kelly’s Theory on Atrribution
- -Consistency: does person act same in same situation
- -Consensus: how many others act the same
- -Distinctiveness: act same in other situations
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When do we make Dispositional Attributions
high consistency, low consensus, and low distinctiveness
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When do we make Situational Attributions
High Consistency, High Consensus, High distinctiveness
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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
tendency to attribute people’s actions to their dispositions, when their actions were caused by situation
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Exp: Participants read essay written by fellow student. Either pro or anti Castro. Some told that the writers had to write a view point or were allowed to
-Result: those who listened to a pro castro speech and were told writers could write what ever they wanted labeled the writers as pro castro, less so when they were told the writers had to write that -Deal with: Fundamental Attribution Error
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Perspective differences
we see others’ behavior from the outside, they see it from inside.
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Culture
collectivistic cultures less prone to FAE
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Regression to the Mean
extreme outcomes are usually followed by more moderate ones, sports illustrated jinx
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Exp. Israeli flight instructors teaching techniques
- Result: better flights followed punishments
- Deals with: regression to the mean
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Intuitive Judgment
judging by seat of out pants, automatic judgment
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Controlled processing
deliberate, reflective, conscious. Solving math problems, logical reasoning
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Automatic processing
effortless, habitual. Driving, recognizing faces
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