Photosynthesis

photoautotrophs use the energy from the sun to make organic molecules from water and co2

algae, plants, bacteria

organelles that car arery out photosynthesis and they responsible for feeding the vast majority of organisms they are found in stems, leaves,and unripe fruit

the stomata open to allow co2 in from the environment and to get rid of 02 they also help water transport

6co2 + 12h20 + sunlight energy -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6h20

losing an electron (LEO) 

gaining an electron (GER)

the chloroplasts contain an outer and inner membrane and they are composed of membrane bound sacs called thylakoids which form stacks called grana. Inside the thylakoid is the thylakoid lumen  and they are connected by lamellae and surrounding everything is the protein rich semi liquid called stroma

1/2 takes place in stroma other 1/2 takes place in thylakoid

• xylem-transports water
• phloem- transports sugar

Co2 has to go 6 times  to produce glucose. 3 atps and 2 nadph are consumed per co2 rep of Calvin cycle. so 3 times 6 18 ATPs and 12 nadphs

the light reactions that takes place in the thylakoid splits water, releases O2 and produces ATP and forms NADPH

the Calvin scale forms in the stroma and produces glucose from co2 and used atp and nadph to create the glucose. (No light needed)

convert solar energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH which happens in thylakoids

a form of electromagnetic energy/radiation it ranges from 380(purple) -750nm (red).

photon-packet of light

high-short waves

low-long wavelengths

are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths. (wavelengths not absorbed are reflected or transmitted)

light passes through a prism and then a slit to move only selected light it passes through a chloryphyll solution into a photoelectric tube which is then read by a galvanometer. (high reading on galvanometer means it has low absorption of the colour low reading means high absorption of that light from chlorophyll)

a chemical reaction involving both oxidization and reduction

Chlorophyll A- the main photosynthetic pigment (doesn't absorb green)

• accessory pigments
• chloryohyll B- broadens the spectrum for absorption
• carotebnoids- absorb excess light that would damage chlorophyll

the photon can be absorbed by the accessory pigments and then its transported to chlorophyll A which can use the solar energy to excite the electron.

they gather light and transport it to chlorophyll a so that chlorophyll a can use the energy. And they absorb the energy that chlorophyll a can't to transport it to chlorophyll a.

a photosystem consists of a reaction centre (chlorophyll A) surrounded by light absorbers ( accessory pigments)

they are bound to proteins so they can funnel the energy of the photon to the chlorophyll a

after chlorophyll a absorbs a photon, the electron inside of the chlorophyll a molecule becomes highly energized and is donated by the chlorophyll a in the reaction centre to the primary electron acceptor (protein). Then, because it donated its electron it must gain one again to keep the cycle going. It gets this electron from splitting water (photolysis)

in the photosystem which is found in the thylakoid membrane

photosystem 2 functions first (P680) and it absorbs red and orange best

photosystem 1 (p700) functions second and absorbs red

(WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE ATP AND NADPH)

in reduction NADP+ gains 2 electrons, acting as a "high energy glue" allowing it to bind to a hydrogen ion to form NADPH. NADPH is now stable and can release energy to the next electron acceptor. So NADPH oxidizes losing the electrons separating hydrogen ions from NADPH reforming NADP+. NADP+ can be reused.

in reduction of ADP, ADP accepts an electron which binds another phosphate group to the ADP creating ATP (phosphorylation). In oxidization, Atp loses the electron and it turns atp back into adp which results in energy being released. It can be reused to form reduction of ADP into ATP again

they help bind molecules to form atp or nadph

adenosine triphosphate. which is the principal energy supply molecule for cellular functions of all cells. provides energy.

when its formed more energy is stored while when it breaks apart to form adp energy is released.

it gets colder and less sunlight so the plants stop spending energy producing and maintaining chlorophyll because of the lack of sunlight so they end up sucking it back into their phloem. The pigments remaining will create the new leave colour.

chlorophyll Is a light absorbing pigment that absorbs many wavelengths except green wavelengths resulting in its green colour. it absorbs photons and begins photosynthesis

process in the plant where solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll too split water into 2H+ 2e- and 1/2O2 in the thylakoid lumen. the hydrogen are used to generate atp, the oxygens are sent out of the stomata and the electrons are used to bind NADPH

the electron loses most of its energy because they constantly release energy eveerytime they move from one protein to another in the ETC. so they go to photosytem one to be energized/recharged by another photon like in photosystem two. From here, they are transported to NADP+ to form NADPH.

the energy released through the ETC turns on the hydrogen ion protein pumps in the thylakoid membrane to allow hydrogen ions to travel from the stroma, across the thylakoid membrane and build up in the lumen of the thylakoid. This causes the hydrogen ion concentration inside the lumen to increase leading to a  buildup of positive charge.

as electron is passed across the electron transport chain they turn on hydrogen ion pump and move  hydrogen from stroma into thylakoid lumen increasing buildup of H+ in thylakoid lumen. This leads to an electrical gradient forming and the hydrogens want to move out of the lumen to create balance.  The hydrogens then move through another protein pump into the stroma called the atp synthase protein. As it moves through the pump the hydrogens release energy which helps the ATP synthase protein combine adp and phosphates to form ATP

when electrons are moved from one protein to another in a series of redox reactions between electrons acceptors and donors. they release their energy losing it each time they move

h20 is phospolyzed and the electrons from the h20 are passed to the photosystem 2. electrons are charged by photons of light in photosystem 2 and are passed to an electron transport system. the 2 electrons release energy as they move through ETC activating the protein pump which leads to hydrogens leaving the stroma into lumen and back into stroma creating atp. the 2 electrons reach phtosystem one and absorb some photons to charge up again and binds NADP+ into NADPH

explained that oxygen produce from photosynthesis comes from water not co2. he did this by observing how purple surfer bacteria split h2s to make sugar. Co2 + H2S--> C61206 + H20 + S8

absorption- graph that plots a pigments light absorption versus wavelengths.

action- shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in photosynthesis

aerobic bacteria concentrates near o2 and glucose source. you can use this to determine rate of photosynthesis.

charged particles movement due to an imbalance of electrical signals

in step 1, RUBP a 5 carbon molecule attaches to a co2 coming from the stomata with the help of rubisco. after RUBP and co2 bind it forms a 6 carbon unstable molecule so its then broken into 2 3 carbon molecules called PGA. step 2, PGA does not have energy so they are energized by NADPH and ATP to form G3P or PGAL. From here a carbon is removed from one of the G3P/PGaL and it waits in the glucose waiting room.

as a carbon is removed from one of the g3p or pgals they bind to form aa 5 carbon molecule that can then be reformed into RuBP to rebind to co2

• carbon fixation (catalyzed by enzyme rubisco)
• reduction (forms 6 adp and 6 nadp+)
• regeneration of the co2 acceptor RuBp  (3 adp produced)

an enzyme used to bind a co2 to ruBP to form a 6 carbon molecule.

a method of separating pigments. bottom of paper dipped in a solution and if the solvent moves up the paper. depending on where they stop determine the pigment. Smaller pigments are more soluble and dissolvable so they move up while larger are opposite