Immunity

physical

2. macrophages 

immune response (Specific)

kill things before it gets into our body. things like our skin which contains low ph to kill germs. And the lysozyme secreted by bodily fluids which also kill germs

are only activated when an invader passes the first line. Our second line contains specialized WBC called macrophages that eat the invader by the process of endocytosis. It also contains neutrophils which destroy cells and microbes by inserting fluid into them. It also contains compliment proteins which are activated by the invaders. the proteins work together to surround the invader and create coating around it. the c to kill invaderoating becomes a semi permeable membrane and fill it with fluid. (it explode). Additionally, a last group of proteins attaches to the cells that haven't burst to flag them down for WBCs

(name tags) parts of a cell that helps identify which cell is which. The antigens make it easier for WBC to identify which cells to kill.

antibodies attach to pathogens to help fight the pathogens. They can kill weaker pathogens, slow them down, and also send signals for the Killer T cells

T cells- produced in bone marrow and stored in thymus

B cells- produced and stored in bone marrow.

the spleen contains tissue that is dedicated to recycling old red blood cells. It also contains macrophages to remove any pathogens from there blood.

diseases in the spleen. It tends to be very prone to disease if waste materials and bacteria aren't processed properly

if foreign body uses its antigen to attach to a cel and have the cell engulf it, it will kill the cell because the body thinks that the cell is an invader due to its antigen. We use antibodies to prevent this.

once the second line of defence has done its job (the macrophages) the antigen of the invader sticks out of the macrophage cell. Then, the helper T cells recognize the shape and send out a chemical called lymphokine. Lymphokine then reaches the B cells and causes them to divide rapidly, becoming the first antibody to the invader (plasma cells). Helper T cells also activate killer T cells that puncture the cell membranes of the intruders and kill it.

they puncture the cell mebranes of intruders and kill them when their activated by helper T cells. they eat mutated cells before they become cancerous. they also attack transplanted organs and must be suppressed with immunosuppressant

deactivate the immune system and often used in organ transplants to prevent the immune system from killing the organ and it tricks the body to accept it.

suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response, the B cells and T cells die off, however some will stake out the area for a long time like The memory B cells

memory B cells remember the pathogens that the body has encountered and can produce antibodies to defeat the pathogens because they know there antigen instead of going through the long process

memory B arent killed off after an immune response has ended instead they recognize the antigen for a specific invader and produce an immune response right away (create antibodies)

introducing substances that contain a foreign antigen into the body so our body can create immunity safely

passive- receive someone else's antibodies/immunity cells

active immunity- creation of your own antibody and immunity cells

A, B, AB and O

• A- has type b antibodies 
• B- has type A antibodies
• ab- has both A and B antigens but no antibodies
• o- has no antigens but all the antibodies

the antigens.

• O- is considered to be a universal donor because it has no antigens that can trigger any antibodies
• AB+ is a universal acceptor because it has no antibodies to prevent any antigens so it can bond to everything.

the clumping of red blood cells that can block circulation and damage organs

cause the immune system to attack the blood leading to angulation

• Rh- no RH+ antigens negative blood type
• RH+ has + antigens positive blood type

rhesus factors that are negative can donate to positive. but positive Rh can't donate to negative.

if a mother hs two babies and both of her babies have RH+ blood and she has RH- then during her first pregnancy the mother will build anti rhesus antibodies as her blood isn't compatible with the babys. This causes the second baby with rhesus + to be attacked by the anti bodies resulting in erythroblastosis fetalis.

they are given a Rh serum RHOGam after birth to destroy the antigens still in the body and prevent antibodies from being formed

when T cells or antibodies attack the body's own cells like they were pathogens

also called hypersensitivity. is an exaggerated response by the immune system to a harmless material.

• Can be acute reactions ( symptoms occur fast)
• can be delayed reactions (symptoms occur over time)

acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Its caused by HIV virus and it destroys helper T cells