Psychophys Quiz 1

front or rostral (beak)

tail or caudal

top of head or back

front surface facing ground (belly)

towards the side

towards the midline

same side

opposite side

cross sections

parallel to ground

• perpendicular to ground and parallel to neuroaxis 
• (midsagittal plane divides brain into equal halves)

A thick and tough meninx in the CNS

meninx in the CNS attached to brain and spinal cord, contains small surface blood vessels

soft and spongy meninx in the CNS; named for spider-like trabeculae

CSF

Dura and pia mater -fused to form sheath

overproduction of neurons (by more than 50%)

Pruning takes place

It peaks at age 1-2 (?) and drops through age 16 (then levels off)


–2006 NIMH imaging study finds density peaks at age 11 (girls) and 12 (boys) and then drops

–2016 Imaging—weight peaks 3rd to 4th decade

Hollow, interconnected chambers

Third ventricle connects to cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle near cerebellum

divides brain into equal halves, massa intermedia crosses the middle

lateral ventricles

choroid plexus

The collective noun for ‘brain region’

• –Any two or more regions can be described as a ‘circuit’
• Synonyms: network, matrix, pathway

• "end brain" 
• part of the forebrain 
• includes the cortex, basil ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

glia, cell bodies, dendrites & axons

supportive and nourishing cells

• No, it is unmylenated (gray matter)
• subcortical tissue is mylinated (white matter)

80% lipids, 20% protein

Formulating plans and strategies

• a class of neuron that modulate their activity both when an individual executes a specific motor act and when they observe the same or similar act performed by another individual.
• Found in the frontal, parietal regions, somatosensory cortex and more

Yes

refers to a functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other.

analysis of information, controlling serial behaviors

–Language, communication, writing, and speech  Interpretation and production of symbolic information (e.g. language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning)

synthesis, complex activities (map reading, drawing, musical appreciation, etc.)

–Processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide ‘holistic’ picture of environment

connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Regulation of emotion and motivation, also learning and memory

cingulate cortex, hippocampus (seahorse) and amygdala (almond) adjacent to lateral ventricles in temporal lobes

The basal ganglia is a collection of nuclei (neurons) beneath anterior portions of lateral ventricles; Involved in motor control

includes caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Relay station for all senses except olfaction; controls general excitability of cortex

A part of the brain located under the thalamus that controls the autonomic NS and endocrine system and organizes behaviors related to survival (temperature regulation/heat gain)

a part of the brain connected to the base of the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk

•  Anterior Pituitary gland: LH & FSH, Prolactin & GH, ACTH
• Posterior pituitary gland: Oxytocin and vasopressin

• Part of the midbrain 
• tectum = roof
• Part of auditory system and controls visual reflexes

• part of the midbrain 
• tegmentum = covering
• includes the reticular formation that is responsible for arousal and attention

fighting and mating

releasing serotonin to the rest of the brain?

production of dopamine

The cerebellum is the "little brain" and is responsible for coordinating motor movements and is involved in learning

Pons is the "bridge" and is involved in refining musclar activity and enabling communication between the cerebellum and the cerebrum

It contains part of the reticular formation (nuclei that control vital functions) and is involved in HR, respiration, vasomotor control, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing & coughing

• The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the gut, made up of an extensive network of neurons that lines the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
• Known as "another brain"

31 

–Cervical=8 (atlas and axis)

–Thoracic=12

–Lumbar=5

–Sacral=5

–Coccygeal=1

Part of the PNS that brings sensory info to brain

• Afferent pathways are sensory pathways (A to the brain)
• Efferent pathways are motor pathways (from brain to body)

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most

–S=sensory

–M=motor

–B=both

The trigeminal nerve

The vagus nerve–Controls organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities

The Voluntary nervous system; Receives sensory information and controls movement

Involuntary nervous system that controls involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

a part of the nervous system that controls the flight or fight response

a part of the nervous system responsible for the body's rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.

nerve cells that send messages all over your body to allow you to do everything from breathing to talking, eating, walking, and thinking


–Oldest and longest cells in the body

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

nerve cells responsible for carrying signals away from the central nervous system towards muscles to cause movement. They release neurotransmitters to trigger responses leading to muscle movement.

nerve cells that connect sensory neurons and motor neurons

cell body/nucleus

Branches that “commune” with other neurons via synapse; the receiving end of neurons

A long slender tube often covered by myelin sheath that carries information away from cell body

a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches)

a type of neuron characterized by having both an axon and a dendrite extending from the soma (cell body) in opposite directions.

a neuron that only has one nerve process extending from the cell body: an axon that extends into dendrites.

found at the end of the axon, below the myelin sheath, and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.

A double layer of lipid molecules

Detect other substances and control access to interior (transport in and out of cell)

Control chemical actions (“marriages & divorces”)

They contain their own DNA

(they also make ATP)

• glia = glue 
• a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

• astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia 
• (There also are NG2 cells)

• Support, nourish, monitor and address critical chemical levels and clean up/recycling
• Phagocytosis
• Receive glucose from capillaries, reduce to lactate, pass to neurons
• Interfere with neuronal recovery

allow the fast and efficient transfer of neuronal communication through the myelination of axons

True

Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon. The myelin allows the electrical impulse to move quickly down the axon. The nodes of Ranvier allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon

• Schwann cells are a type of glial cells of the peripheral nervous system that help form the myelin sheath around the nerve fibers
• –Framework for dendritic growth & repair

a type of glia responsible for immune and inflammatory responses

A new-ish category of macroglia that transform not only into different kinds of glia, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but also into neurons

a selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the brain allowing cerebral blood vessels to regulate molecule and ion movement between the blood and the brain.


Walls of capillaries

–Area Postrema

• –BBB blocks all molecules except those that cross by lipid solubility
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide, Ethanol, and steroid hormones, vitamins A, D, E & K, THC
• Or allowed in by specific transport systems
• –Sugars & some amino acids

-70mV

Taking away some of the electrical charge and reducing membrane potential

• the minimum level of depolarization required for an action potential to occur in nerve and muscle cells.
• -55mV

• a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
• 2msec

Depolarization

Inside becomes more positive/less negative relative to resting state

More negative than resting potential for nanosecond

the force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

the force on two ions with similar charge to repel each other and the force of two ions with opposite charge to attract to one another.

positive

negative

• Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the cytosol within the cell. Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds the cells serves as a circulating reservoir
• -extracellular fluid is the seawater

Intracellular

  Membrane is impermeable (stay inside)

Predominantly extracellular

  Diffusion balances with electrostatic pressure

Predominantly intracellular

  Diffusion balances with electrostatic pressure

Predominantly extracellular

  Diffusion and electrostatic pressure push it across membrane

  Membrane is impermeable to it—or is it?

Pumps out sodium as fast as it gets in (but in doing so uses 40% of metabolic resources); trades Na+ for K+

a description of the natural observable phenomenon that a nerve will fire with the same intensity regardless of the starting impulse.

the more intense a stimulus is, the faster the neuron will fire.