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KCN, HCN
adds CN and OH to same carbon
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RPPh3, NaH
takes O off C=O and replaces with R group (gives majority cis product unless a conjugated diene is created)
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ROH, HCl
breaks C=O and adds OH and OR to that carbon
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H2O, cat. HClO4
makes whatever carbon has both the oxygens off into a C=O with the remaining R groups off it
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NH2R, PPTS
removes O and adds N to the double bond with remaining R group (get rid of H's off N)
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RNH, PPTS
Adds N to C=O however if octet is full will move one of the p bonds to neighboring C
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H2NNHEt, PPTS
will get rid of O off C=O and add NNHEt to double bond
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HCl
will make ring with oxygen (or nitrogen) in it and leave the remaining R groups
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1. BuLi 2. H2SO4
Gets rid of C=O and adds Bu, adds a double bond next to C
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BH3
makes carboxylic acid into OH
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P2O5
makes ester by removing H in carboxylic acid and flipping the compound over
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Carboxylic acid and grignard
removes OH and adds R group
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CN and grignard
makes CN into C=O with R group attached
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BuNH2 and Et3N
removes leaving group and replaces with NHBu
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acid halide naming
-oyl halide
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anhydride naming
-oic anhydride
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ester naming
1st word off oxygen 2nd word off C=O ending in -oate
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amide naming
ends in amide (1 word, C=O referred to as carbamide)
-
CN naming
ends in nitrile
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1. Mg 2. CO2
will replace leaving group with CO2H
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PCl3
replaces OH in carboxylic acid with Cl
-
POCl3 on NH2
turns into a CN and gets rid of C=O
-
DIBAL on carbonyl
makes carbonyl into aldehyde
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Where are acid anhydrides in IR?
1780-1810 cm-1
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Where are aldehydes and ketones in IR?
1650-1750 cm-1
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KOH, H2O, heat on compound with NH and CN
makes NH into C=O and will make CN into carboxylic acid
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