English language Metalanguage (SAC 1)

People often use language to express emotion, using exclamation marks, emojis or words and phrases that indicate feelings.

• - social harmony
• - intimacy

As this function is oriented toward the receiver of the message, it is about persuading, requesting or demanding. In informal contexts, this might involve inviting a friend to a party or asking someone to do a favour.

• - intimacy
• - in-group membership

This function is about creating bonds, and involves small talk, greetings, or checking in with someone. 

• - social harmony
• - positive politeness
• - solidarity
• - social intimacy

The discussion of language itself could involve asking someone the meaning of a slang term or talking about how a particular emoji is used. 

- linguistic innovation

The communication of information might occur in casual conversation about everyday life, when gossiping or through the sharing of news.

• - in-group membership
• - rapport
• - social harmony

This function involves focusing on the aesthetic features of language, such as rhymes, puns or interesting phrases. This can be found in playful texts.

- linguistic innovation

The study of understanding and meaning-making when we consider words, phrases, sentences and texts.

• Discourse refers to the written or spoken texts that are longer than a sentence.
• Pragmatics is the study of how language is used within a given context, and how context contributes to meaning.

The study of how words are ordered in structures that communicate meaning - phrases, clauses and sentences.

Phonetics is the study of how we make speech sounds and how we organise these sounds. Phonology is the study of the patterns that speech sounds form within a language.

The study of the form, meaning, and behavior of words.

The study of words and their parts. Each word consists of one or more morphemes, which is the smallest unit of meaning in a word.

The desire to be free from imposition and constraints on autonomy. It reflects an individual's need for independence, privacy, and freedom to act. Concerns the desire to maintain one's sense of individuality and personal space. 

Invading privacy = threatening negative face

The desire to be seen as competent and liked by others. It reflects an individual's need for social recognition, appreciation and inclusion. Concerns the desire for favourable social interactions and maintaining a positive self-image. 

Implying incompetence = threatening positive face

• Hedging
• Being indirect and ambiguous
• Using low modality verbs
• Apologising
• Mitigating strategies

reduces imposition, maintains social harmony

• Emphasising similarity 
• Showing interest
• Using humour
• Offering compliments
• Inclusive language

maintains social harmony, builds rapport, solidarity, inclusiveness, and interest

• Repetition of:
• Figurative language
• Irony
• Metaphor
• Oxymoron
• Simile
• Hyperbole
• Personification
• Animation
• Lexical ambiguity
• Puns

aids coherence and cohesion, maintains audience attention

• Repetition of:
• Parallelism
• Antithesis
• Listing

supports function, creates rhythm, draws attention, reinforces meaning

• Alliteration
• Assonance ("fleet of jeeps")
• Consonance ("bees in trees")
• Onomatopoeia
• Rhythm
• Rhyme

• Affixation
• Abbreviation
• Shortening
• Compounding
• Blending
• Backformation
• Conversion of word class
• Initialism
• Acronym
• Contraction (aren't)

• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Prepositions (position words)
• Conjunctions (fanboys)
• Determiners (this that those)
• Interjections (bam! whoops!)

• Neologism (mansplain)
• Borrowings
• Commonization
• Nominalization (words into nouns eg: reaction to react)

Grammatical and lexical techniques to link words together to create a text that is both engaging and meaningful. 

• Ellipses (omission of words and phrases)
• Repetition
• Substitution (alternative words replace original)
• Collocation (strong or weak tea?)
• Adverbials (firstly, then)
• Conjunctions (but)
• Front focus
• End focus
• Anaphoric reference (previously mentioned)
• Cataphoric reference (not yet mentioned)

The logical and meaningful organisation of a text. 

• Cohesion
• Inference 
• Logical ordering
• Formatting
• Consistency and conventions

• create rapport (familiarity and solidarity between people)
• Promote/maintain social harmony
• Build social intimacy
• Create an in-group membership
• Employ positiveness politeness
• Linguistic innovation
• Showing friendliness and inclusiveness
• Decrease social distance
• Engage audience in a way that feels authentic and relatable
• Establish equality
• Negotiating social taboos

• Semantic domain
• Idiom
• Denotation (literal meaning of a word)
• Connotation
• Euphemism (sound nicer)
• Dysphemism (sound worse)

Levels of formality

• Highly informal
• Somewhat informal
• Somewhat formal
• Highly formal

The relationship between the participants

• Close
• Distant
• Intimate

• Jargon 
• Idioms
• Colloquialisms (informal - slang, swearing, figure of speech)
• Slang
• Personal and Impersonal pronouns
• Taboo
• Swearing

• Connected speech processes (gonna)
• Idiomatic expressions (chuck a sickie)
• Contraction (aren't)
• Abbreviation
• Informal syntax of grammar
• Ellipses (you going too?)
• Shortening of names

• Spontaneous, dynamic, casual
• Genuine and unscripted interactions
• Embraces natural ebb and flow of conversation
• Authenticity and relatability of dialogue

• Openings
• Closings
• Adjacency 
• Minimal responses
• Overlapping speech
• Discourse markers
• Non-fluency features

• Declarative sentences
• Imperative sentences
• Interrogative sentences
• Exclamative sentences

Elision (removal of sound - kinda)

• Intonation
• Stress
• Rhythm
• Pauses

• Non standard:
• "they ain't got nothing."
• standard:
• "they haven't got anything."