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Prenatal Period
- Development -> Birth
- drastic changes
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Postnatal Period
After birth, slow changes, followed by aging
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pre-embryonic
development of gametes -> implantation
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Embryonic Period
implantation -> primordia of organs and basic body form
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Fetal Period
Maturation of organ systems with specialized functions
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Embryo
developing offspring during embgyonic period
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Fetus
Developing offspring during fetl period
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Conceptus
Embryo/fetus and membranes
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tetrology
branch of embryo concerned w/ malformations
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Otogeny
INDIVIDUALS life history, fertilization to death
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Phylogeny
Ancestoral history
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Gametogenesis
Germplasm -> gametes that are capable of uniting and producing a new individual
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Spermatogenesis (which occurs when?)
development of sperm cells (after puberty)
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spermatocytogenesis
Formation of the cell
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spermiogenesis
specific changes to the cell
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Type-B speratogonia ->
primary spermatocytes
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During Spermiogenesis...
Chromatin ->
Golgi Apparatus ->
Centriole ->
Mitochondria ->
- Chromatin -> Head
- Golgi Apparatus -> Acrosomal Cap
- Centriole -> Flagellum
- Mitochondria -> Middle Piece
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What is ovulated in horses and dogs?
Primary Oocyte
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What is ovulated in most animals?
Secondary Oocyte
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During oogenesis, the second meiotic division occurs after ____ and results in _____ and ______
- ...after fertilizaton....
- ...and results in ovum and second polar body
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Ovulation is controlled by:
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Ruptured follicles -> ____ -> _____
corpeus luteum -> progesterone
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Function of Progesterone
- Facilitate implantation
- Maintenance of conceptus
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Polytocous:
more than one oocyte released
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Monotocous:
only one oocye released
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Polytcous animals include:
- bitch
- sow
- queen
- small rumenants
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Sperm viability within F genital tract in...
Most animals:
Horses and Dogs:
Most Fowl:
Turkeys:
- Most animals: 1-2 days
- Horses and Dogs: 6-7 days
- Most Fowl: 32 days
- Turkeys: 70 days
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Fertilization occurs in the...
Most Animals:
Dogs:
- Most Animals: ampullary region
- Dogs: Infundibulum
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Capacitation:
removal of glycoprtein coat and seminal plasma proteins covering acrosomal region
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Acrosomal Reaction:
Following cacitation, the release of enzymes to help penetrate oocyte
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Zona Reaction:
prevents polyspermy
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Results of Fertilization (4):
- 2-cell zygote
- Diploid
- Determination of sex
- Cleavage initiated
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Monozygous:
One ovum fertilized -> same sex, blood group
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Dizygous:
2 ova fertilized
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Monozyous twinning can occur at... (3)
- 1. 2-cell stage
- 2. Splitting of Inner Cell Mass early in development (share placenta and chorionic sa)
- 3. Splitting of Inner Cell Mass late in development (share everything)
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Possible results of dizygous twinning (2):
- Placenta Fused
- Blood shunted to one embryo by anastomoses
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Freemartins are the result of
dizigous twinning -> common circulation be anastomosis
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Superfecundation:
- Impregnation by successive matings:
- 2+ ovum liberatd by 2+ males
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Superfetation:
Female ovulates, concieves and prduces a 2nd younger fetus
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Superfecundation occurs in:
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superfetation occus in:
pigs
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cleavage:
series of mitotic divisions, w/o an increase in size
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Cleavage leads to the formation of ->
blastomeres
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Characteristics of holoblastic cleavage (yolk and division):
- Small amount of yolk
- Complete division of zygote
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Characteristics of meroblastic cleavage (yolk and division):
- Lots of yolk
- vleavage is not complete
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After 4-6 divisions, zygote results in the formation of...
Morula
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Embryonic Disc/Inner Cell Mass
Small cells that form embryo
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Trophoblasts cells-
Cells on periphery of bastocyst that facilitate absorption early in development
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What occurs during Blastogenesis:
- Blastomeres -> fluid filled cavity
- Zona Pellucida ruptures
- Increase in size
- Change in Embryonic shape
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What occurs duing gastrulation:
Embryonic Disc -> 3 Germ Layers
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What occurs during the formation of the endoderm (2)?
- Delamination (inner cell mass detaches)
- Formation endoderm and primitive gut
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What occurs duringtheformation of the ectoderm?
- Cells in upper layer of inner cell mass -> expansion -> ectoderm
- trophoblast dissapears
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Nucleus Propulses is formed from the...
notochord
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Notochord is formed from the
primitive node
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Neural Ectoderm forms from the
notochord
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