What is the frequency range for FM radio broadcasting and how many FM stations can be accomodated in this spectrum?
88-108 MHz, 100 stations
When you apply a triangular waveform to the input of a differentiator, what is the expected output waveform?
a square waveform
Reference temperature used in noise analysis
290 K
Frequency allocated for am transmission
535-1605 KHz
If the value of a resistor creating thermal noise is doubled, the noise power generated is _____?
unchanged
Full duplex transmission means
Transmission is in both direction and can be at the same time
Minimum height of transmitting and receiving antenna for suitable transmission and have a good reception
Quarter of the wavelength of the frequency used (ㅅ/4)
Year when the 1st transatlantic cable was laid
1858
First single chip microprocessor developed by intel corporation
intel 4004
Frequency range allocated for amateur radio
144-148 MHz
What is four octaves above the highest audio frequency?
(4^2)(20000) = 320 kHz
High gain differential amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Electrical component that stores electrical energy through the aid of voltage source
capacitor
study of movement/effects of movement of electronics in any medium
electronics
dictates degree of conductivity of materials
valence electrons
electrons which moves apart from parent atom
free electrons
controls/limits the flow of current in a certain circuit
resistor
3-terminal resistor that is used to vary the VOLTAGE in a given circuit
potentiometer
True or False. Voltage Divider Principle is only applicable to series
True
It is a 2-terminal resistor that is used to vary the CURRENT flowing in a circuit
rheostat
It is range of value of resistance that can be measured across the resistor
tolerance
Determine the value of the resistors
a)5R6
b)R22
c)2K2
d)33K
e)M47
a. 5.6 ohm
b. 0.22 ohm
c. 2.2 k ohm
d. 33 k ohm
e. 0.47 M ohm
Determine the Value of the following rating of resistors:
a) 100F
b) 190M
c) 562J
d) 333K
e) 471G
First 2 digits - significant
Third digit - number of zeros
Tolerances:
F = +- 1%
G = +- 2%
J = +- 5%
K = +- 10%
M = +- 20%
a. 10 ohm +- 1%
b. 19 ohm +- 20%
c. 5600 ohm +- 5%
d. 33000 ohm +- 10%
e. 470 ohm +- 2%
An uncharged capacitor is like _____
short circuit
The voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantly but the _____ passing through it can change instantly.
current
The capacitor voltage changes _____
exponentially
A fully charged capacitor is like an _____.
open circuit
Process of adding impurities to intrinsic materials to make it a good conductor
doping
Majority current carrier are the e- (electrons) and the minority current carrier are the h+ (holes)
N-type material
Majority current carrier are the h+ (holes) and the minority current carrier are the e- (electrons)
P-type material
it is an electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction
diode
It is a DC voltage that is applied to semiconductor device in order that the device will operate
BIAS
Application of DC voltage across the diode in order that the diode will operate
Biasing a diode
The anode is made more positive than the cathode i.e. "+" side of the source is connected to the anode and the "-" side of the source is connected to the cathode
forward bias
The cathode is made more positive than the anode
reverse bias
Vb of Silicon diode
Vb o Germanium diode
0.7 V
0.3 V
A diode ckt that clips off or removes certain portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining signal
Clipper Circuit/Limiter
It is a diode circuit that moves the input signal into a different DC level
clamper circuit
What does JFET mean
Junction Field Effect Transistor
It is like a BJT that is used for amplification purposes and switching. It is a unipolar decice and a voltage controlled device. It has three terminals namely Gate, Drain and Source.
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
What is the voice/audio band frequency?
20 Hz - 20 kHz
What is the TV Band ?
54-216 MHz
What is the frequency range for Air Navigation?
108-118 MHz
What is the frequency range for Air craft voice?
118-138 MHz
What is the frequency range of radar?
216-225 MHz
What is the frequency range for Police/Fire/Ambulance radio?
148-164 MHz
What is the frequency range for Public Service?
164-174 MHz
What is the frequency range for 4G/LTE?
740-758 MHz
776-788 MHz
What are the two information source?
Digital (Letters, Symbols)
Analog (Voice, Music, Sound)
Devices that convert one energy to another
Transducers
It is where modulation takes place
Transmitter
The process of super imposing a low frequency signal (modulating signal) in a high frequency signal (carrier signal) so that it is suitable for transmission
Modulation
what is the speed of light?
3x10^8 m/s
What are the limits of good signal?
Noise and Bandwidth
Considering only some harmonics (first five)
band limiting
a category of noise which there's a presence of noise but no signal