Bio 101 Test 2

abnormal growths of tissue

call masses that retain all the properties of the cell of origin; they are non-invasive and seldom life-threatening

do not resemble parent tissue and often have irregular structures; they are invasive and can invade other tissues; composed of cancer cells

deoxyribonucleic acid; the order of nucleotides can be expressed as a letter sequence

adenine

thymine

guanine

cytosine

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

• A-T
• G-C

each cell in your body carries the same DNA

complete set of genetic information

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence

46 chromosomes; 23 pairs

• cookbook = genome
• chapters = chromosomes
• recipes = genes
• proteins = the dish that is made

a cell contain one complete set

a cell containing two complete sets

a cell that has acquired or lost genetic information

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

RNA polymerase reads and copies the template strand

ribosomes make the RNA into proteins

• changes in DNA that are passed on to daughter cells
• - develop when cells make a mistake when copying DNA

• mutations caused by external forces or agents
• ex: ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, radon gas

• mutations that appear in the cells of body tissues
• - passed down to their daughter cells, but not to sexually produced offspring

mutations that occur in these cells that can be passed down to the next generation

the specialized cells that give rise to gametes

• drives increases in animal mass until the adult stage
• - making more cells

• 1. G1 Phase
• 2. S (synthesis) Phase
• 3. G2 Phase
• 4. M (mitosis) Phase
• a. prophase
• b. metaphase
• c. anaphase
• d. telophase
•      - cytokinesis

the stimulating signal triggers the cell to start bulking up to start collecting resources needed for cell division

DNA replication, mediated by DNA polymerase

the cell continues to bulk up on resources and prepare for the following phase

mitosis; cell division

the nuclear membrane dissolves

the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, pushed and pulled by the microtubule cytoskeleton

the chromosomes are separated with one sister chromatid of each pair being pulled to opposite sides of the cell

new nuclear membranes reform around each cluster of chromosomes

cell is pinched in half by a tightening belt of proteins, resulting in two independent cells with identical genetic composition (clones)

when a cell commits suicide to remove unwanted tissue during development and fight viruses to prevent cells from producing damaged daughter cells

involved in the pathways that stimulate proliferation or cell survival

encodes a protein that inhibits cell proliferation or promotes cell death

agents that promote the development of cancer

mutagens that randomly mutate and disrupt the function of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

carcinogens that promote cancer development without mutating the genome

proteins that stimulate the growth of blood vessels (present in all cells)

mutates DNA and exposure to this can induce apoptosis in DNA-damaged cells

uses chemical agents to kill cancer cells and targets rapidly growing cells and is not limited to certain area

• the mitotic division of the genetic material, creating genetically identical "clones"
• - reproduction of unicellular organisms

the union of two games, or fertilization

when a germ cell enters the meiotic program, it progresses through G1, S, and G2 phases like any other cell, but goes through two phases of mitosis

in some instances, the homologous chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase, resulting in gametes that contain an extra or missing chromosome