Respiration

• to move oxygen from the environment into each cell of the body and to make sure carbon dioxide is disposed from the body.
• "Gas exchange"

animals need large and moist respiratory surfaces for diffusion of gasses because it increases chances of diffusion of essential gas molecules into the body

1. Breathing either inspiration/inhalation and expiration or exhaling O2 in CO3 out

2. is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood in the lungs alveoli. When O2 level is high in the lungs it leaves the lungs and combines with red blood cells. And when CO2 level is high in the blood it diffuses to the lungs and leaves through the lungs.

3. internal respiration- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body tissue cells and blood. O2 levels high in blood, low in cells O2 enters the tissue,  Co2 high in cell but low in blood co2 leaves cells by binding with red blood cells and plasma 

4. cellular respiration- series of energy releasing chemical reactions that take place inside cells. Provides energy for all cellular activities

the nasal cavity or the oral cavity when breathing fast

lined with ciliated hairlike cells and cells that secrete a mucous to warm, moisten and clean the air entering the nasal cavity to protect the alveoli.

nose breathing is slower, filters the air, and warms air. While mouth breathing is fast, unfiltered and does not warm air.

a passageway for air into the respitory system and also the opening for food and water into digestive system

flap that closes when swallowing food or water to prevent food from entering the lungs. The epiglottis usually rests  upright to allow air to pass into the lower respiratory tract

that gasses move from an area of Hugh concentration or pressure to low concentration or pressure

passes to the larynx (voice box) its made of cartilage and thin elastic ligaments called your vocal cords. Has big gap when breathing

the windpipe where air passes through a flexible tube after the larynx. It's supported and strengthened by semicircular bands of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing. It also contains mucous and cilia cells to moisten and clean the air in lungs

the larynx the muscles contract and expand as air passes through to create sounds. The size also impacts the sound (large larynx) Depp and visa versa

• upper-nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, the epiuglottis, the larynx, and the trachea
• lower- the lungs, the bronchial, the bronchioles, and the alveoli

lobes their separated by folds

• left- 2 lobes two compensate for the hearts space
• right- 3 lobes

A thin double layered membrane called the plural membrane. its connected to the thoracic cavity or chest to allow for our lungs to expand and contract with the movement of the chest and its filled with fluid to reduce friction

the trachea branches into bronchi or bronchus for one. its surrounded by cartilage for support

bronchioles which are surrounded by smooth muscle for constriction and dilation

they contain cilia and mucous to capture particles and then cough them out

clusters of tiny sacks that each bronchiole ends in. It's one cell thick (ez gas transfer) and it's where gas exchange occurs during external respiration. The O2 and Co2 are exchanged through diffusion.

the air pressure inside and outside the lungs changes which results gas to move from the area of high pressure to low pressure. For example, (barely an O2 in lungs high O2 out lungs air in)

the intercostal muscles/chest and the diagrpham

inhalation- diaphragm contracts and the ribs move up and out. This increases the volume and decreases the pressure allowing air to go inside the lungs because of the low pressure compared to outside.

Exhalation- diaphragm relaxes (moves up) and ribs move down and in. (original positions). This reduces the volume and increases the pressure compared to the outside taking gas out of lungs

Increased co2 build up or higher elevations (less O2)

a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata sends messages to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase breathing movements. Usually it does this when there's more acid in the blood from increased CO2.

Co2 levels, to get the carbon dioxide out of your body. Oxygen just increases respiratory rate

the differentamount of air moving in and out of the lungs in different situations

the tidal volume- the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

vital capacity- the total lung volume not including your residual volume

residual volume- the amount of air that remains in your lungs after a full exhalation (prevents lungs from collapsing)

expiratory volume- the additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a tidal exhalation

inspiratory reserve- amount of air you can inhale after tidal inhalation

• top left-inspiratory reserve
• under- tidal volume 
• under tidal volume- expiratory reserve
• under expiratory reserve-residual volume
• beside residual- functional residual
• beside inspiratory reserve- inspiratory capacity
• beside inspiaratory capacity- vital capacity
• total lung volume is long one

the concentration gradient of each gas and diffusion

partial pressure high concentration to low concentration

a polypeptide with iron that binds to oxygen to form 

there's several hundred hemoglobins in red blood cells that transfer O2

Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the active site of hemoglobin (competitive inhibitor) resulting in carbon monoxide being carried to cells instead of oxygen. As a result Body breaths more to get o2 but instead you breath carbon monoxide and u die womp womp

• carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. 
• or
• CO2 combines with water with the help of carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the plasma  
• the carbonic acid is then dissociated by hemoglobin to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen. The bicarbonate and hydrogen form water and carbon dioxide in the lungs to be exhaled

heme

the plasma surrounds are cells and it acts as a way to transport our gasses and nutrients without them escaping.

leaves the body cells and goes into the blood stream to combine with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin or the Co2 combines with water to form carbonic acid with he help of amyhydrase to be broken down by hemoglobin into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen and transported to lungs to be formed into water and carbon dioxide for exhalation.

co2+ H20 (double arrows) H2Co3 (double arrows) Hco3 and H

an infection of the tonsils that are located in the pharynx. the tonsils prevent bacteria and foreign particles from entering the body but can become infected. The tonsils are removed if infections are frequent.

infection causing narrowing of air passages. It produces excess mucus production and tissue swelling in bronchi

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells which reduces surface area for gas exchange and blocks bronchioles. Caused by carcinogens

cancer causing materials or things. like smoking

alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid. This is due to infections.

collapsed lung that occurs when air builds up in the space between the two membranes of the pleura, this pressure causes the lungs to not be able to inflate. 

Caused by a leak in the lungs or chest wall. Like trauma or rib fractures

• a lung disease that affects the bronchi and bronchioles.
• the airways inflame due to certain triggers and it causes the bronchi and bronchioles to swell and produce lots of mucous.

(INHALERS TO TREAT INFLAMMATION)

when alveoli rupture leading to a decreased surface area for gas exchange

Causes you to breath more often and increases heart rate to get necessary oxygen in and CO2 out. gas is also trapped in the lungs