C Programming Part 3

Memory areas for temporary and dynamic storage. Examples: Local Variables for stack and malloc() for heap

Specifiers to tell compiler to treat certain entities in a special way. Example: __attribute__((packed))

Low-level code generated by the compiler, specific to machine architecture and different CPUs have different assembly languages. Example: asm

A tool that combined object files into an executable. Example: ld (GNU Linker)

Code whose behavior is unpredictable, leading to bugs. Examples: Accessing array out-of-bounds, dereferencing null pointers

Keywords that alter the properties of basic data types. Examples: short, long, and unsigned

Operator that evaluates a condition and returns one of two values. Example: condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false

Unreleased memory allocation leading to wasted resources. Example: Allocating memory with malloc() and not freeing it with free()

Functions that accept a variable number of arguments. Examples: printf(), scanf(), va_start, and va_end

Suggests storage in a CPU register for quick access. Example: register int speed;

Union shares memory among members, structure allocates separate memory. Examples: union Data { int i; float f; }; struct Point { int x; int y; };

Smallest Unit in source code identified by the compiler. Examples: keywords, identifiers, literals, and operators

Lvalue represents memory location, Rvalue represents data value. Example: int x = 5; x is an Lvalue and 5 is an Rvalue

Situation where processes wait for each other halting execution. Example: Two threads waiting indefinitely for a resource locked by the other

Mechanism to handle runtime anomalies. Examples: signal(), SIGINT, and SIGSEGV

Mutual exclusion object ensuring only one thread accesses shared resources. Examples: pthread_mutex_t, pthread_mutex_lock(), and pthread_mutex_unlock()

Overrunning a buffer's boundary, causing memory corruption. Example: Writing more data in an array than it can hold

Synchronization primitive used to control access to a common resource. Examples: sem_init(), sem_wait, and sem_post()

Options used during compilation to affect output. Examples: -02 (optimization) -g (debugging) and -Wall (warnings)

Including or excluding code based on preprocessor directives. Examples: #ifdef, #ifndef, #elif